Guide How to Write a Response Essay Know-How

Guide How to Write a Response Essay Know-How What is a Response Essay School and college understudies are required to compose various sorts of composing assignments, and one of them is a reaction article. A reaction paper, which can likewise be alluded to as a response article, is interesting by its temperament and varies from a common survey. Not at all like numerous conventional scholastic papers, a reaction article is normally somewhat casual as it is written in the primary individual. This sort of composing assignments is centered around uncovering one’s individual perspective with respect to a film, a bit of music, a discourse, or any sort of composed work. While a reaction paper speaks to an individual response to a specific work, you despite everything need to build up a solid theory and tail it all through the entire paper by supporting your feelings with the proof from this work. Necessities for a Response Essay In the event that you have to compose a reaction exposition, you ought to think about its exceptional necessities and different eccentricities, which unequivocally rely upon the work you have to react to. When building up a reaction article, you ought to intently evaluate the work and spotlight on your own response to it. Simultaneously, you may need to sum up the key purposes of this work to make your reaction more obvious. The most significant prerequisite for a reaction paper is that you should express your position. It implies that you can condemn the work, concur or differ with its fundamental thoughts, think about the emotions and contemplations that this work brings out, stress its qualities and shortcomings, or present your impressions in some other structure. Additionally, as for some other composing task, the fundamental prerequisites for a reaction article may incorporate evading written falsification, refering to the sources, and holding fast to a specific organizing styl e and structure. A well known type of a reaction paper is a reaction to another person’s article or post. In the event that you react to your cohort or groupmate’s post, the fundamental necessities can be somewhat unique. For example, you need to address them by their name and either concur or differ with their sentiments. Likewise, you need to demonstrate both the most grounded and the most vulnerable pieces of the post and propose what can be improved. At last, such a reaction as a rule represents some supportive open-finished inquiries to proceed with the conversation. Simultaneously, for this situation, you are likewise required to back up your own perspective with some important proof and be exact in your assessment. Themes for a Response Essay: Fresh Ideas from Our Writers Generally, a point for a reaction exposition relies upon the work you investigate. Most ordinarily, it is identified with something you concentrate in the class, and for this situation, the theme for your reaction paper is self-evident. Other than that, the point, or even a rundown of subjects, can be created by your teacher. For this situation, you should simply to pick the one that appears the most significant and engaging you. In any case, in the event that you are allowed to pick any point you need and need to create it without anyone else, you ought to follow a few suggestions. Above all else, the point ought to be fascinating and speaking to you. For this situation, it will be simpler to finish the task. Additionally, as you are required to communicate genuine belief in your reaction, it tends to be useful to utilize the theme you have some foundation information about. You ought to comprehend that it is difficult to compose a compelling reaction article without intently analyzing the work you react to. Along these lines, while picking a subject, it is simpler to commit your reaction to something that you have just watched or peruse and invigorate it in your memory by checking on in the event that you have sufficient opportunity. Building up a point for your reaction exposition can be simple once you have picked the work you will investigate. Be that as it may, in specific cases, when the reaction manag es just certain parts of the work, it tends to be increasingly successful to distinguish these perspectives in the theme. Here are a few models that may give you a thought of what to expound on: A Response to the Film I Have Seen Recently; A Closer Look at Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe; Oliver Twist as a Social Satire; Presumptions about Gender Roles as Seen in Disney Movies; A Response to Winston Churchill’s Most Influential Speech; Investigation of a Piece of Art That Impresses Me; My Response to the Poem The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe; My Assessment of Romeo and Juliet in Contrast with the Modern-day Realities. Pre-composing Tips At the point when the theme is picked, you can begin chipping away at the material. In any case, before beginning to compose a reaction paper, you should find a way to make the creative cycle simpler and progressively viable. It is normal for finishing a composing task to invest a lot of energy in the pre-composing exercises. This planning stage will assist you with social event your considerations and focus on the point while guaranteeing union and legitimate structure of your paper. Here are some pre-composing tips that will be useful for composing a reaction paper: Watch/read the work. So as to compose a reaction paper, you should first intently look at or read the work you will dissect and decipher. It will give you the underlying comprehension of the material and will assist you with settling on the proposition of your reaction exposition. While perusing a composed work, viewing a film, or watching some other type of craftsmanship, you may need to record your contemplations and take field notes on what you feel, what intrigues you, and what merits referencing. Build up a postulation. In light of the notes and musings, you need to build up a solid and doubtful theory that will assist you with sorting out your paper and focus on specific parts of the work you react to. Build up a blueprint. To construct a reaction exposition consistently and methodicallly, you need to build up a blueprint. It will recognize the key pieces of your paper and the fundamental contentions and conclusions introduced in it. Quest for the sources. On the off chance that you are required to use outside sources in your reaction, you need to look for them before you begin composing. You ought to recollect that all the sources should be trustworthy and utilize just solid data. The sources can assist you with settling on the primary focal points of your paper. Additionally, they can give significant foundation data on the work you react to, which will be helpful for evaluating it in a more extensive setting. Focuses to Consider While Writing a Response Essay There are some helpful inquiries you can pose to yourself to sort out your creative cycle and spotlight on the perspectives you need to investigate the most. As a rule, when an understudy is required to compose a reaction exposition, this task is by one way or another associated with the point talked about during the class or to the course or control on the loose. That is the reason the principal question you ought to ask yourself is the way the work you investigate is associated with the principle angles and thoughts of this point or course. A similar inquiry is successful on the off chance that you are composing a reaction to your classmate’s post. For this situation, you can ask yourself how the issue examined by your cohort is identified with the subject of your group and how you can improve its comprehension by adding your musings to the conversation. Clearly, it isn't less critical to comprehend the associations of the broke down work with contemporary real factors. So as to investigate this viewpoint in your reaction, you need to address the subject of how the work identifies with the current issues of present day society. As it has just been referenced, the principle reason for a reaction paper is to communicate one’s closely-held conviction concerning a specific work. It is obvious that this perspective depends on one’s individual encounters, thoughts, and life standards. That is the reason it very well may be helpful to examine how precisely your own background resounds with the thoughts communicated in the work you need to break down. Specifically, you can think about the feelings the work brings out in you and the impressions it forces on you. Another significant inquiry that you have to put is whether the work has upgraded your own insight and comprehension of a specific issue or wonder. On the off chance that the work some way or another progressions your vision of this issue or adjusts your point of view, you should state it in your reaction paper. At long last, you should give an assessment of the work you break down. All the more correctly, you ought to consider the work’s association, convincingness, exactness, importance, and down to earth meaning. Additionally, you can assess the general commitment of this work to the advancement of culture, sciences, or different circles. Concerning that, you can likewise inquire as to whether you will prescribe the work to other people. Such an assessment is especially noteworthy when you compose a reaction to your classmate’s post. For this situation, the assessment can introduce establishing for additional improvement and examination. The Structure of a Splendid Response Essay While composing a reaction article, you ought to follow all the professor’s necessities concerning its structure. Normally, a reaction paper comprises of a presentation, a few body sections, and an end. On the off chance that you use outside sources in your work, you ought to likewise incorporate a reference page. All the thoughts and contentions of your reaction paper ought to be introduced sensibly and follow the proposal. Presentation Ordinarily, the principal sentence of the presentation ought to incorporate the title and the creator of the work you dissect. Likewise, your presentation can contain some foundation data about this work, the creator, or the difficult it investigates. In the event that it is required, you can quickly sum up the key realities of the work you react to. By and large, the presentation ought to be short and precise to pull in the perusers and cause to notice the issues you will talk about. Proposition The proposition proclamation is especially significant for a viable reaction paper. It ought to mirror your own perspective on the work you break down and consolidate all the principle thoughts that you are going to communicate later in t

Command of Evidence 5 Key SAT Reading Strategies

Order of Evidence 5 Key SAT Reading Strategies SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The new SAT provokes understudies to comprehend the thinking behind each answer they pick. Order of Evidence questions are a sign of this crucial. So as to answer them, you need to deliberately assess your manner of thinking and the proof introduced by the creator of the entry. This article will concentrate on the proof inquiries on the Reading area of the SAT; we have a different article on Writing questions (not far off). In this guide, I'll let you know precisely what these inquiries test, what sorts there are, and how you can figure out how to answer them accurately without fail! What Are Command of Evidence Questions? These inquiries are another element of the SAT Reading and Writing areas in 2016. There are 18 Command of Evidence inquiries on each test that length the two segments, and you'll get a subscore out of 15 dependent on what number of you answer accurately. Here's a crude to scaled score change graph gave by the College Board: As should be obvious, Command of Evidence is one of sevensubscores,which were made to give understudies a more clear image of their scholastic qualities and shortcomings by diving further than the segment scores or cross-test scores. You can peruse progressively about the scoring of the new SAT here. What Do Command of Evidence Questions Test? This article will manage Command of Evidence inquiries on the Reading segment solely (see our Writing-centered not far off). Thesequestions will ask you to: Recognize the best literary proof for your response to the past inquiry. Recognize how creators use proof to help their cases. Inspect how information underpins claims made in the section. On questions where you need to locate the best literary proof for an answer, every decision is an alternate statement from the passage.These questions request that you go up against the thinking behind your answers directly.They’re additionally remarkable in light of the fact that the responses to two successive inquiries are attached to one another.Looking at the proof decisions can assist you with responding to the main inquiry effectively, or addressing the principal question accurately can lead you to the suitable evidentiary statement. In questions that request that you distinguish how the creator underpins their cases, you need to utilize a comparable manner of thinking, in spite of the fact that these inquiries stand alone.Again, the appropriate response decisions are cites from the section, yet this time you need to recognize the statement that best backings a contention made by the creator as opposed to an answer that you’ve given to another inquiry. These kinds of proof inquiries are uncommon, however they despite everything come up a few times on each test. Order of Evidence likewise incorporates a portion of the Reading area's new information understanding questions.You’ll be asked which guarantee is best bolstered by the information introduced in a diagram or graph (or whether the information underpins the writers guarantee by any stretch of the imagination). Generally, thesequestions test your capacity to contemplate how certain ends are upheld. They'rea part of the SAT’s move towards testing progressively functional expertise sets.It’s critical to figure out how to think along these lines before you get to school and the expert world so you can do viable research, make convincing contentions, and read with a perceiving eye. I’ll give instances of each of the three kinds of Command of Evidence inquiries in the following segment with the goal that you have a superior thought of what's in store! On the new SAT, you should have a hawk eye for proof! Eat in any event two little rodents before the test to keep your vitality up. Instances of Command of Evidence Questions There are three sorts of thesequestions on SAT Reading. We'll go over what every one tests and stroll through an example question. Question Type 1: Paired Find the Evidence Here’s a case of the principal sort of Command of Evidence question.This question difficulties youto locate the best proof for your response to the past inquiry. I’ll give you the significant section from the entry first.For setting, before this passage, the creator depicts the imperfections in North American open transportation frameworks that have driven individuals to pick vehicles: What’s fascinating about these sorts of inquiries is that you CAN’T answer the discover the proof inquiry until you make sense of what the past inquiry is asking.Upon perusing this passage, how might you portray its concentration without taking a gander at the appropriate response decisions? The primary concern of the section is that open transportation can be similarly as helpful and agreeable as driving your own vehicle, as confirm by complex open transportation frameworks around the globe. How about we take a gander at the appropriate response decisions: Decisions An and D have excessively restricted of a core interest. They don’t portray the primary concern that the passage is attempting to get across.Choice C is an unessential answer in light of the fact that the section doesn’t explicitly advocate changing American open transportation frameworks to coordinate these models.Choice B gives off an impression of being the most appropriate response for question 14. In any case, we’re not done taking a gander at question 14 yet! Inquiry 15 pose to us to reexamine why we picked B.Why did we conclude that the central matter of the section was reliable with the announcement â€Å"some open transportation frameworks are better than movement by private automobile†?On the old SAT, you could simply say â€Å"I don't know, that’s what I felt like the primary concern was. I don’t need to EXPLAIN myself to you,† however that’s not going to fly this time. Goodness, you would prefer not to discover the proof? Well I found the proof of the little party you chose to toss a weekend ago, how treat you so harshly as that Chad? Let’s see question 15's answer decisions: Decisions C and D reference lines that expand on the primary concern however don't legitimately set up it.Choice A will be somewhat trickier to preclude in light of the fact that the central matter is identified with the way that open transportation doesn’t must be inconvenient.However, there’s no solid data that sets up the primary concern in that sentence. In the event that you take a gander at it in detachment, there’s no proof for the central matter of the paragraph.The most convincing proof is the second sentence.It’s an obviously characterized point sentence that makes way for the remainder of the paragraph.Again, decision B is the right answer! Question Type 2: Find the Author’s Evidence These evidencequestions are not paired.Instead, they solicit which piece from printed proof most unequivocally underpins a point made by the author.This one applies to another portion from a similar entry we took a gander at for the last two inquiries: Here we’re simply searching for the line that most legitimately backs up a specific thought, for this situation, the possibility that utilization of electronic gadgets and utilization of open transportation are compatible.This is an inquiry that is really easy to reply in the event that you read cautiously and aren’t hurrying through the test.The just answer decision that references electronic gadgets related to open transportation is decision B, lines 63-67.All of different decisions are practically insignificant to the thought communicated in the inquiry. I love the enchantment square shapes. Offer this blog entry on the off chance that you concur. Question Type 3: Data-Driven Evidence You’ll likewise be approached to clarify what ends can be attracted dependent on proof diagram or diagram form.Here’s one of the graphs that was incorporated with the open transportation article we’ve been taking a gander at and a going with information driven proof inquiry: This inquiry is additionally entirely direct, however it has a tad of a dubious wind to it.Choices B and C are plainly erroneous. There’s an a lot higher number of utilized than jobless individuals utilizing open transportation, and individuals utilized outside the home make up an a lot higher level of open transportation travelers than homemakers. Picking among An and D is the precarious part.Choice D ends up being off base on account of the words â€Å"less often.†There’s no chance to get of knowing from the information how OFTEN these various kinds of individuals utilize open transportation; the information speaks to the numbers, not the recurrence of use.Choice An is the right answer in light of the fact that it’s the only one that’s certainly exact dependent on the chart.10.7% of open transportation travelers are understudies, and just 6.7% are retirees! Would it be advisable for us to take the transport? Nah, how about we drive there, however ensure you go agonizingly moderate. I like having a long queue of vehicles behind us since it causes me to feel simply like the president if the mystery administration abhorred him and really needed him dead. Need to become familiar with the SAT however sick of perusing blog articles? At that point you'll cherish our free, SAT prep livestreams. Structured and driven by PrepScholar SAT specialists, these live video occasions are an extraordinary asset for understudies and guardians hoping to get familiar with the SAT and SAT prep. Snap on the catch underneath to enlist for one of our livestreams today! 5 Tips for Answering SAT Reading Evidence Questions Presently that we’ve experienced the various sorts of Command of Evidence questions, I’ll give a couple of tips to noting them in the most productive and precise manner conceivable. #1: Make Predictions For either Paired Find the Evidence or Author Evidence questions, attempt to make an expectation about the appropriate response before you read all the statements in the choices.It’s best to define a thought of what the appropriate response ought to resemble before going up against the choices.This makes it more uncertain that your point of view will be disturbed by the proposals you’re given. For instance, in the principal test question, you would consider which part of the passage drove you to the end that the fundamental thought was â€Å"some open transportation frameworks are better than movement by private automobile.†You migh

Examples of Topics Sentences in Analytical Essays

Examples of Topics Sentences in Analytical EssaysSome people are surprised to learn that examples of topics sentences in analytical essays are not always easy to come by. They are hard to come by because they require an understanding of the topic, a knowledge of how to research for topics, and a level of critical thinking required by an essay. Some people do not have the opportunity to take courses on writing essay topics.Another problem is that the topics often come up as a question, and the writer may not know what to use as a topic. There is nothing wrong with doing research, but it must be done with care. And some writers find it confusing to write down a topic for an essay in the first place. Here are some examples of topics sentences in analytical essays.The best way to become more familiar with the topics of an analytical essay is to read a book, preferably one that is not too technical, like Becoming A Monster or Irregardless. Reading these books, or perhaps even just having them on the coffee table at home, will make the writer and reader aware of what the term 'analytical essay' means. This is not something that should be taken lightly, since it is the base of all the work done in the rest of the essay.First off, I am sure the writer is not trying to be humorous when writing about the most important essay topic of all-meaning, of course, the topic of physics. However, an essay must contain the proper balance of light-hearted humor and seriousness. It is a good idea to include references to the famous physicist Albert Einstein in one's essay, but one should not go out of his or her way to repeat his quotations, nor should the essay become tedious with his writing being repeated over again.An excellent example of a great essay topic is the topic of art. There are so many different subjects to write about, from painting to writing to poetry to writing about a painting, that there are a few more specific examples of topics sentences in analytical essays.O ne of the most important things to remember about a great essay topic is that there should be a 'theme.' An essay is not supposed to be a speech, so the essay should follow a certain flow that makes sense and has a beginning, middle, and end. An analytical essay should not deviate from this flow, or in fact deviate from its purpose.There are some ideas that may sound good when an essay is written, but later may sound strange. Some examples of topics sentences in analytical essays are: 'I feel the problems of humans are ultimately solvable.' The essay author may then go on to say, 'There is a solution, and I am sure I can demonstrate it.'An analytical essay is not as easy as most people think. Sometimes, things seem obvious, but the writer needs to make sure they understand the topic. It is very important to remember that the topics of an analytical essay are not always easy to come by.

Machiavelli And Humanism - 930 Words

While the moral codes of Humanism and Catholicism consider being deceitful to be wrong, from an amoral perspective, betrayal is unavoidable and comes with its own set of benefits. This is Machiavelli’s view in his 1513 work The Prince, in which he details the complexities of gaining and maintaining political power to his Italian statesman Lorenzo de’ Medici, from whom he hopes to regain a political position after shifts in the unstable Florentine republic. Machiavelli argues that people, particularly political leaders, should have flexible moral codes so that they can bend them when necessary. For him, betraying allies or betraying one’s own beliefs is acceptable, even beneficial, because it aids in making tough political decisions to†¦show more content†¦Despite Machiavelli’s tongue-in-cheek perspective, his intentions in writing The Prince exemplify the two-faced nature of mankind. During political upset in Florence, the ruling family betrays Ma chiavelli himself by temporarily jailing him for treason, stripping him of his political position, and banishing him. Yet unlike Dante, who is more personally affected by his exile, Machiavelli sees Medici family’s return to power as an opportunity to regain his own position, which is why he hopes to impress Lorenzo with The Prince. For him, betrayal is more expected under the circumstances, and so he hopes to play them at their own game. By feigning loyalty and kissing up to Lorenzo, Machiavelli improves his chances of obtaining power, even though he likely doesn’t believe everything he’s saying. For him, his true intentions or beliefs don’t matter—like with religion and betrayal, his deceitfulness is a useful political tool in a world of deceitful men. With the sixteenth-century Florentine power struggle and religious tension, it was difficult for anyone to find stability. While Machiavelli experienced treachery firsthand through being banned fro m Florence, many Florentines could relate to a general lack of loyalty. During a time of political turmoil, aspiring leaders would have to hurt people in the process of gainingShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Renaissance Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pagesarose and was called Humanism, and what humanism is, is an ideology where humans can lead themselves to create a prosperous life and instead of leaning on supernatural forces for answers. Humanists believe that humans have enough logic to create conclusions themselves. This brand-new way of thinking caused a lot of controversy because it did question God’s ability and the church’s power, but the ideas behind it are still heavily used today, even in the 21st century. Humanism in the early RenaissanceRead MoreSir Thomas More s Utopia And Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince1454 Words   |  6 PagesNiccolo Machiavelli was an Italian civic humanist, historian, diplomat, philosopher, politician, and writer during the Renaissanc e. He applied the values of the Renaissance to his political treatise, The Prince. Sir Thomas was an English lawyer, philosopher, statesman, and humanist during the Renaissance. He employed the ideals of the Renaissance to his Latin dialogue, Utopia. Both The Prince and Utopia reflect the ideals of the Renaissance through their promotion of education, humanism, and reformRead MoreThe Renaissance Prince Essay853 Words   |  4 Pageswould still have a hand in government. It would no longer shun the vast stores of knowledge created in the past and ignored for a thousand years, although opponents would remain. The ideas of humanism, individualism, and secularism would come to play a role in society as they had in the past. 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Humanism challenged the previous mindset of Christians, and aided in the desire for liberty and unification of the Italian state. The concept of humanism began early on in the 14th century, and it focused on humankind as a center of intellectual and artistic endeavors. Considered â€Å"The Father of Humanism,†2 Petrarch holds a permanent place in literature as a humanist writer during the Renaissance

Arthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman - 1373 Words

The American In Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, the main character is Willy Loman a lifelong traveling salesman. Willy is in his early sixties and there is no doubt he has had a long life with the occupation he chose for himself some years ago. It seems as if Willy is doing well for himself as well as his family from any outsider, however, what happens behind the scenes is a completely different story. Constantly borrowing from a fellow friend Willy finds himself in a black hole of debt. Arthur Miller’s given situation of Willy Loman’s life is somewhat of an ugly truth to many people around the world. Everyday life for people seems normal for most people, however, the world population goes through problems just as Willy did throughout the play. From fighting for what is considered the American dream, trying to live up to a more successful person, losing a job or even being in debt. The ugly truth Arthur Miller defines throughout the play can be compared several different ways when it comes to Willy Loman’s life. For instance, one theme throughout the story is the American dream. It is the one thing that all people wish to have. The American dream can be things such as â€Å"buying a home, getting married, having children, getting a college degree and retiring† (Kane). Although most of these things are actually common and relatively easy to come by when you are an American, â€Å"21 percent feel the American dream is an antiquated concept† (Kane). This statistic shows how peopleShow MoreRelatedArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1144 Words   |  5 Pages Arthur Miller: Death of a Salesman Life for many in America are missing the same elements that â€Å"Death of a Salesman† exposed. Those element are love and direction. Many people face these struggles at some point in their life, but don’t know what to do to progress. Arthur Miller devised a style whereby he could show how your past can continuously impact on your future. Each character highlights the powerlessness of a dream to give meaning and control to human life. I disagree with someRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1027 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of Tragic Heroism of Biff Loman in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller This literary study will define the tragic heroism of Biff Loman in Arthur Miller’s play The Death of a Salesman. Biff is initially a victim of Willy’s continual harassment to make more money and find a better career. In this family unit, Biff must endure the unrealistic and fantasy-based elusions of his father in his fanatical pursuit of the American Dream. However, Biff soon learns of Willy’s extra-marital betrayalRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1061 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"Death of A Salesman,† Arthur Miller takes a view about the usually positive value people put on success. By examining Willy’s downfall, we can see Miller is arguing how the fallacy of success crafts the amiss dreams. Miller displays how the constant mania to maintain the image of success destroys the concept of American Dream for ordinary people like Willy. Miller portrays Willy as a hard-working exhausted man, â€Å"I’m tired to the death† (1557). Willy expends enormous amounts of time and energyRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1039 Words   |  5 Pages The play Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman, is about an old salesperson who returns early from a business trip. After crashing multiple times, he realizes he should stop driving. The other book, Oedipus the King narrates the story of Oedipus. He was a man who became the king of Thebes, while unwittingly fulfilling a prophecy that he would murder his father, Laius, and marry his mother, Jocasta. The above characteristics of tragedy are well highlighted. In the play Death of a Salesman, one flowRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman And The Crucible2615 Words   |  11 Pagesand conflicts have been a constant. As individual people and as a world, there have never been perfect times. Arthur Miller’s writing style focuses on how his characters deal with external and internal problems and how their reactions to these problems reflect their characterization. Arthur Miller uses external conflict, internal conflict, and indirect characterization, in Death of a Salesman and The Crucible, to show how ideas of society do not always agree with the ideas and beliefs of others whichRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1159 Words   |  5 Pagesmarriage, or through one’s own self. Willy Loman, a delusional salesman, in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman; Minnie Wright, an unhappy and lonely housewife, in Susan Glaspell’s Trifles; and Oedipus, a king with excessive pride and determination, in Sophoclesâ €™ Oedipus the King illustrate how people lose their identities over the course of time. Society can cause the loss of a person’s identity, as Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman depicts the American dream as society’s view of success. The AmericanRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1326 Words   |  6 PagesAs though to recreate the connection in life, literature often shows the relationship between past events and a character’s present actions and values. In Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, Willy is haunted by memories of his older brother, father, and salesman Dave Singleman. Willy’s character and values are constantly influenced by the memory of the three men, compounding upon his deliria throughout the play. Willy considers these men the epitome of success, thus explaining his dependency onRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman2019 Words   |  9 Pagespersonal growth and forming realistic, healthy relationships. Both Judith Guest and Arthur Miller use their respective literary works ‘Ordinary Peopl e’ and ‘Death of a Salesman’ to illustrate that not addressing who we are as individuals and remaining unaware of reality will only lead to unhappiness, dysfunction, and eventual tragedy. The main character and the driving force behind the action of ‘Death of a Salesman’ Willy Loman is both unaware of reality and ignorant to his own need to find himselfRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman910 Words   |  4 PagesGuilty Conscience â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by American playwright Arthur Miller is a drama that resonates with the majority of viewers and readers of the play. Miller eloquently illustrates the drama and complex dynamics of the Loman family. The Loman’s consist of Willy and Linda Loman as well as their two sons Biff and Happy. Specifically, â€Å"Death of a Salesman† focusses on Willy and his oldest son Biff. Willy, now an old man has deteriorated into a miserable and senile man. Willy Loman’s characterRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pagescharacter with a tragic flaw leading to his downfall. In addition, in traditional tragedy, the main character falls from high authority and often it is predetermined by fate, while the audience experiences catharsis (Irving 247). Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary work has some of the main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such traits and behaviors that lead to his downfall, and the

Competition and Markets Module 5 SLP - 800 Words

Competition and Markets Module 5 SLP Name: Institution: Competition and Markets Module 5 SLP The firm to be addressed in this case is Travelodge. It is a franchise firm which was founded by Scott king in the year 1939 and later began franchising in the year 1966. It offers exceptionally high quality products and services. In addition to its services, it is committed in its work, enabling it to acquire world-class attention and everybody interested to know more about it and also experience its services and products. Travelodge has grown at a very alarming rate, and it is in this view that we are interested to know more about it. There are several market structures known. They include monopoly, monopolistic competition and†¦show more content†¦The firm is to operate in a monopoly market structure; that is being the only seller of the services and products, presence of small firms trying to rise may to some extent contribute a great deal of threat to the company (Mithani, 2010). Emergence of these small firms may come up with policies that may to some extent attract some customers who in the long run would defect from Travelodge. Every customer is very important, and loss of one would mean that all could also leave. It is with this respect that the firm should ensure that the policies they enact and the prices of goods and services that they offer should be favorable and more comfortable for its clients. The absence of this will make the clients have a negative view of the firm (Reis Farole, 2012). Moreover, once a small firm emerges the consumer will prefer services from the emerging firm. In the long run, it will make Travelodge to incur losses. As a result, the whole market structure will change resulting in a competitive market structure. The consideration of a number of factors enables Travelodge to increase its market power. The firm should consider advertising its products and services so as to raise awareness to the public. Advertising occurs through several channels such as through media, use of billboards, setting up a good marketing and sales department and also through sponsorship of community based activities. The improvement of the quality and services of the products attracts moreShow MoreRelatedStrategy Implementation of General Motors638 Words   |  3 PagesStrategy Implementation Module 5 SLP [Pick the date] Student Name GM was founded in 1908, more than 104 years ago. Since then up till 2005, GM has been a trademark of success. With the largest dealer network across the globe, and distributed production structure, it has access to practically every region of the world. All these are the attributes of the company which can be called us a world leader. However, the amazing fact here is GM filed for bankruptcy in 2009 and was later on acquiredRead MoreHuman Resource Management1748 Words   |  7 PagesModule 1 – CASE HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; CHALLENGES AND CHANGES Case Assignment In today’s job market we see many human resource management changes and challenges evolving with the changes in a competitive market environment. One goal of the human resource department is to hire employees that will be as productive as possible, which in turn leads to more revenue and the success of an organization. In healthcare we see even more challenges; making sure there is enough staff members to care forRead Moreteam work2014 Words   |  9 PagesModule 1 Assignment 1 July 15, 2009 Topic: Performance Management Overview Welcome to Module 1 of the Strategic Leadership Program (SLP)! If you have not already done so, read the Program Manual located in the Reference Material Section of the SLP home page. It provides you with important introductory information about the SLP. Module 1 focuses on performance management, performance measurement, risk management and governance, and financial reporting. Many of these task-related functions assistRead MoreMGT 599 SLP 3 Internal Analysis Kraft Foods Essay1281 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ TUI UNIVERSITY Module 3 SLP MGT 599 Strategic Management Dr. Nanette Metz Business Dictionary defines internal analysis as â€Å"a review of an organization’s strengths and weaknesses that focus on those factors within its domain† (2014). Conducting an internal analysis allows organizations to adapt and change the way they conduct business in order to remain competitive. Internal analysis obtains information from financials, operational and marketing departmentsRead MoreTransforming Total Sales into Net Profits51271 Words   |  206 PagesPrinted and bound in the U.S.A. Printed on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kendall, Gerald I. Viable vision : transforming total sales into net profits / by Gerald I. Kendall. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-932159-38-X (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Sales management. 2. Marketing—Management. 3. Corporate profits. 4. Corporations—Growth—Management. 5. Organizational effectiveness. I. Title. HF5438.4.K46 2004 658—dc22 2004018021

Organizational Behaviour Employee Case Study

Question: Describe about the case study for Organizational Behaviour of Employee. Answer: Executive Summary This report is based on a case study which dwells upon the classical issues faced in an organization by a new employee and the different ways an organization reacts to the different problems faced by them. The case study illustrates diverse aspects of employee behavior and attitude with reference to their reactions to particular situations that occur in workplace. There are numerous stakeholders in the situation given wherein the different participants come from a diverse background with varied expectations from their colleagues, subordinates and superiors. The issues that are presented in the case relate to emotional intelligence, attitude and behavior of people in an organization at different hierarchy. People behave differently with the new employee and finally she is left in despondency and confusion. The attitudes of different stakeholders can be evaluated from a cognitive, affective and conative perspective to understand the underlying reason for such behavior so that correctiv e measures can be taken at organizational level. This report critically evaluates every aspect of the employee behavior, identifies the issues which lead to an unhealthy environment at workplace and finally try to recommend certain improvements. At last it is justified to mention that the report makes an attempt to develop a framework for analyzing such workplace aberrations due to emotional conflicts among employees and such frameworks can be used for analysis of other similar workplace related issues. Situation Analysis: The case deals with the event of a new graduate named Barbara from a BMS college joining an organization and the different situations she had to face because of various reasons ranging from tantrums of the boss to disappointment in the expected role that was being offered. The case starts by stating that Barbara attended an interview with Matalvi Engineering, which was into manufacturing dairy equipment, for the post of assistant cost accountant. Although she was quite surprised at getting the job offer and was confused about joining or not but finally she joined. Then after joining she was surprised to understand the internal situation of the company wherein there was no vacancy in the accounting department and was put in management information system (MIS) section which was also a part of the accounting department in the company. After starting work at the organization she found that the job was not challenging enough to render her any job satisfaction. The work was mostly related to collecting and organizing documents related to financial information which she had not signed up for since she was over-qualified for that job. Then after a few days of work she was given the offer to attend a management workshop in Auckland by the chief accountant Bob who was not her immediate boss. Barbaras immediate superior was Peter who was away from work when the opportunity to attend the workshop had arrived and she went on to Auckland without informing her boss. Later when she came back her boss, Peter was furious about the event that she had gone for the workshop without his permission. She was quite depressed by the entire course of things since before going for the tour she was assured by the Chief accountant, Bob that he will talk to Peter and handle the situation (Kraut, 1979). To her surprise everything was quite different from what she had expected and Peter was accusing her of delinquency at work and ordered her colleagues to not talk or spend time with her as she needed to catch up on the work piled up. This entire episode created a sense of despondency and disappointment in the mind of Barbara from her first job and was expecting a better treatment. However she bumped into Vernon one day who was the chief cost accountant and asked her about her miserable demeanor. She opened up to him and he assured of quick review of the entire situation with top management. However, nothing of that happened and the situation worsened as Barbara gave an application for change of department as advised by Vernon. Peter was furious about the application and threatened to finish her career in that company (DELLVE and WIKSTR M, 2009). Problem And Issue Identification: The entire scheme had several issues and problems from the beginning. Barbara who was a high achiever in her college did not analyze the company background and the role that was being offered to her. She joined the organization in spite of considerable doubt in her mind about the job and the company as a whole (Tanguy, 2012). From the companys point of view the chief accountant Bob should have properly evaluated the vacancies that were available in the organization before proceeding with any job offer. Since Barbara was a high achiever in college it was evident that she would be expecting a challenging job at the workplace and putting her in a clerical role of data collection and reporting was completely against the basic principle of job-fit analysis (Brody, 2004). Then moving on to the second and primary issue faced by Barbara was the tour for a management workshop. Every organization has a well-defined hierarchy and one needs to follow the defined communication channels. It was wrong on the part of chief accountant Bob to completely bypass Barbaras immediate superior who was Peter and contacting her for attending the management workshop. Peter should have been consulted before approaching Barbara with the workshop offer. Barbara cannot be blamed for this since she must not be aware of the entire process of communication followed in the company but it has to be mentioned that Barbara should have dropped a message or e-mail for her boss although he was away. This would have covered her back even if Bob did not contact Peter which he had assured to do. Then the most important issue lies with the person Peter who over-reacted and created a mess of the entire situation for the company and the new employee Barbara as well. He had reasons for being offended but he did not behave in a professional way and also did not display any managerial skill to handle the situation (Faber, 2001). The way he reacted to Barbaras tour was completely unwarranted and should have understood that Barbara must not know about the entire process as she was new to the company. They he threatened and maligned her intentions at work with instructions to her colleagues not to interact with her or help her out in any way were completely unprofessional and boorish behavior. He should have sat with Barbara and explained her proper communication channel so that she understands and does not repeat the same behavior again (TOYOTA, 2011). His actions led Barbara to seek help from Vernon and ask for a change of department. Bobs role is also quite contentious since from the beginning he is making false commitments. He promised to give a role of assistant cost accountant to Barbara which was not to be the case and also at every step he promised to handle the situ ation but failed to do so. Finally when he was approached by Vernon also he was not able to put forward the issue in front of the senior management. Overall it can be seen that the organization had made several flaws regarding the management workshop tour intimation and also the job assigned to the new employee (Duffy, 2010). Analysis And Evaluation: The entire situation has been messed up because of the personal attitudes and behaviors of different stakeholders. Before proceeding with further analysis it should be mentioned that the three managerial persons in the organization were of different behavior, while Bob and Vernon were amicable and friendly to their subordinates or colleagues, Peter was particularly infamous because of his attitude towards other employees. Bob was seen as a soft person that is evident from his behavior as every time he was committing something and was not able to fulfil it. He was in a top position and walking the talk was an essential attribute which people would expect from him (Randolph, 2016). It would in turn instill faith and confidence among his subordinates. This is because of the emotional quotient of Bob which was a of a compliant type attitude and was not ready to take up issues with his colleagues which was hurting his organization. Peter was aggressive in his attitude and suffered from a sense of inferiority or insecurity which had driven him to over-react with Barbara. This type of attitude is detrimental for the workplace since one has to shoe team work and collaborative approach is necessary for success which was completely absent from his behavior (McCarthy, Reeves, and Turner, 2010). Moreover since he was in a managerial position Peter should have a more understanding and guiding attitude rather than abusive display of behaviors which resulted in adverse results with the new employee. Barbara being a new member was obviously anxious about the entire episode and showed signs of cognitive attitude which is expected. She also displayed spontaneity while responding to the tour offer and going for it. These are some of the attitudinal aspects of the different employees in the organization which shaped the entire scheme of things (Bartel et al., 2011). Conclusion And Recommendation: All the adversities that originated were a result of non-availability of standardized process for communication channels (Krivis, 2006). Firstly Barbara should been given an induction about the company process and methods for the different decisions she is expected to take during her stay at the company (Metcalf, 2005). Moreover there should have been avenues for escalating the problems faced by Barbara and Peter needed counselling about the entire issue since he was over-reacting. Company should intervene with the behavioral aspects of the employees through seminar workshops, one-to-one sessions and counselling so that they are sensitized about similar events and do not take rash decisions. If proper counselling and standardized processes are established in the organization then these kinds of conflicts can be avoided with ease. References Bartel, A.P., Freeman, R.B., Ichniowski, C. and Kleiner, M.M. (2011) Can a workplace have an attitude problem? Workplace effects on employee attitudes and organizational performance,Labour Economics, 18(4), pp. 411423. Doi: 10.1016/j.labeco.2011.01.008. Brody, N. (2004) Emotional intelligence: Science and myth,Intelligence, 32(1), pp. 109111. Doi: 10.1016/s0160-2896(03)00059-x. DELLVE, L. and WIKSTR MEWA (2009) Managing complex workplace stress in health care organizations: Leaders perceived legitimacy conflicts,Journal of Nursing Management, 17(8), pp. 931941. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.00996.x. Duffy, J. (2010) Empathy, neutrality and emotional intelligence: A balancing act for the emotional Einstein,QUT Law Review, 10(1), pp. 321342. Doi: 10.5204/qutlr.v10i1.9. Faber, B.D. (2001) Gen/ethics? Organizational ethics and student and instructor conflicts in workplace training,Technical Communication Quarterly, 10(3), pp. 291318. Doi: 10.1207/s15427625tcq1003_4. Kraut, A.I. (1979) The pitfalls and potentials of employee-attitude surveys,PsycCRITIQUES, 24(11), pp. 531543. Doi: 10.1037/017738. Krivis, J. (2006) Can we call a truce? Ten tips for negotiating workplace conflicts,Employment Relations Today, 33(3), pp. 3135. Doi: 10.1002/ert.20115. McCarthy, D., Reeves, E. and Turner, T. (2010) Can employee share ownership improve employee attitudes and behaviour?,Employee Relations, 32(4), pp. 382395. Doi: 10.1108/01425451011051604. Metcalf, D. (2005) Workplace governance and performance,Employee Relations, 17(6), pp. 524. Doi: 10.1108/01425459510147516. Randolph, S.A. (2016) The importance of employee breaks,Workplace Health Safety, 64(7), pp. 344344. Doi: 10.1177/2165079916653416. Tanguy, J. (2012) Collective and individual conflicts in the workplace: Evidence from France,Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 52(1), pp. 102133. Doi: 10.1111/irel.12013. TOYOTA, H. (2011) Individual differences in emotional intelligence and incidental memory of words1,Japanese Psychological Research, 53(3), pp. 213220. Doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5884.2011.00467.x.

Concept of the Multicultural Education

James Joyces Dubliners essays

James Joyce's Dubliners essays In James Joyces, Dubliners, we get to catch a glimpse into the great world of Irish culture and heritage. Joyce explores many issues that confronted the Irish at the turn of the century. The constant struggle to keep money in the pocket; be a good Catholic, men and their excessive drinking, and the struggle of keeping the inner family bound together is what we see through the window painted by Joyce. His stories illustrate these issues and he was not a popular man for making them public and pointing out the many faults of Irish people of the time. Life was a difficult struggle for many of the people of Dublin and many of them had a hard time dealing with the disappointments of life. There are several reoccurring themes in Dubliners, but there are two that stand out in my mind particularly. In several of Joyces stories, the characters deal must deal with disappointment and drunkenness. One of the first stories in the book takes a look into both of these scenarios. In Araby, a young boy develops a crush on a neighbor girl. One day, the young girl initiates a conversation with the boy. He tells her that he is going to the bazaar. The young girl is unable to attend due to a religious retreat. It is one of the first disappointments illustrated in the story. Since the young girl is unable to attend, the boy promises to bring her back something from the bazaar. After a long and sleepless night, the boy awakes and asks permission from his aunt and uncle to go to the bazaar. He is granted permission and waits for his uncle to return home that evening. As he waits, time dwindles down and his trip to the bazaar starts to look more and more hopeless. Finally the boys un cle returns home in a discombobulated state of mind. Perhaps his uncle was out drinking, but he did forget about his nephews trip to the bazaar. Disappointed in his uncles forgetfulness, the boy still makes an attempt to get to the bazaar. When he...

Study case L Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Study case L - Essay Example So, basically these are the major stakeholders directly involved in the case. In the event that the prisoner opens a door with a lady behind, then she automatically becomes part of the ongoing case therefore she would also be a stakeholder in the case outlined above. The gardener and his family are likely to be affected as well as they would be strongly attached to the accused who is son and brother to them. The ordinary people who live in the kingdom are also stakeholders as they would also likely to be affected by the same laws that would have been applied on the gardener’s son. These are members of the same community hence they are part and parcel of the kingdom. 2. The pillars of caring and fairness would best support the Princess Royal’s decision to have the gardener’s son select the door that holds the lady. Caring is basically the heart of ethics and it is concerned with the welfare of others. Therefore, a person who really cares feels the emotional response to both the pain and pleasure of others. In this particular case, the gardener’s son and the Royal Princess were in love which entails deep affection of each other from deep down their hearts. However, the judgement that would be passed on the gardener’s son would cut the relationship between the two in either way. In any case, whether he selects the door that holds a tiger or the lady, that would be the end of their affair. The other door would lead to death and the other would lead to a happy marriage with an equally very beautiful lady. If the Royal Princess’s selection would lead to the lady, then it would show that she greatly cares about his w elfare though the gardener’s son would be marrying another different person. It would show that she is concerned about his welfare. On the other hand the pillar of fairness entails the issues of impartiality, equality as well as openness. Whilst it was not appropriate for the gardener’s son to fall in love with the

College Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

College Education - Essay Example Some of the most important aspects of a college education is an improvement in written and verbal communication skills, project management skills including scheduling and sticking to deadlines, and the ability to carry out broad interdisciplinary research. All these are useful in the course of a career and cannot be found to that extent in the case of a high school education. One of the most important factors that recommend college education is the recognition it has from the professional and the industrial world. Job providers use a college degree as a standard on which to evaluate a prospective employee. A basic bachelor's degree is a minimum requirement for most well-paying jobs in the industry, and there is a glass ceiling on those who do not have a college education. The U.S. is gradually moving away from being a manufacturing economy to a knowledge-based economy, and a bachelor's degree today has almost the same value as high school education had half a century earlier. In a gl obalized economy where more and more jobs are being outsourced to Asian nations, the only hope for a good job for a student is to take college education as an obvious option. Your college education keeps you company well into your career, in terms of skills that you learned which were not seen as immediately useful, but come in handy mid-career, when you are eying that promotion or considering changing jobs. It can be your safety net, sturdy enough to fall back on, just in case you come upon hard times in life.

French and Indian War Brief Essay Example for Free

French and Indian War Brief Essay Major Players in the French and Indian War The French and Indian War was primarily England and the American colonies against the French and various Native American tribes in America. As France expanded its colonies along the Ohio River, and Britain ventured further into the mountains and discovered them, it was inevitable that there would be competition, tension and eventually war between the two colonies. This war has come to be known as the French and Indian war, but it has various other names such as ‘The Seven Year War’ or ‘The War of British Conquest’. The war escalated into a world war in 1760 when France and Britain declared war on each other. It was sparked in America, not Europe, but Great Britain spent a lot of money in helping to fight the war and support to their colonies in America and the colonies participated fully in the war. Main reasons for the French and Indian War Britain and France had long been in a competition for territory in North America. The rich land west and north-west of the Appalachians was in top demand, for it was filled with waterways, fisheries, abundant game and beaver runs. Tensions grew until France and Britain finally declared war on each other for the region in 1756. In the first year, the British were defeated numerous times by the French and their allies, the Native Americans. This is when British Prime Minister William Pitt lent a hand to help out with the war, and funded an expanded war effort which involved shipping 10,000 soldiers overseas. He could see that there was potential of imperial expansion if France were defeated and borrowed substantial amounts of money to contribute. From then on, France’s attempts started to fail. By 1760 they were expelled from Canada, and their all allies in Europe were defeated or made separate peace with Prussia. The War comes to an end The French and Indian War was a great British victory. It ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris and also the Treaty of Hubertsburg in February 1763. In the Treaty of Paris, France lost east-Canada and gave Louisiana to Spain. Britain received Spanish Florida, Upper Canada and other French holdings overseas. The British were very pleased with the treaty, as they no longer had to worry about French attacks as much as they previously did. Also, the extra land meant more room for discovery and settlement, although there were still natives all through the land. Contribution the beginning of the American Revolution Fifteen years after the war, the bitterness the French felt after the loss of their colonial empire influenced their input in the American Revolution.

American Imperialism Essay -- US Imperialism Power Expansion

Imperialism, defined by Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary, is "the policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other areas"(Merriam-Webster). During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the United States pursued an aggressive policy of expansionism, extending its political and economic influence around the globe. The United States has become an empire. Although the United States has less power – in the sense of control over other countries’ internal behavior – than Britain did when it ruled a quarter of the globe, the United States now has more power resources relative to other countries than Britain had at its imperialistic peak. American Imperialism was driven by a need for markets and raw materials, as well as the desire for power and success. The United States increasingly appears to be an im perial power. Manifest Destiny was the driving force responsible for changing the face of American history. Manifest Destiny, described by Dictionary.com, is a policy of imperialistic expansion defended as necessary or benevolent. It is the 19th century doctrine that gave the right to the United States to expand through North America. In 1845, a democratic leader and influential editor by the name of John L. O'Sullivan gave the movement its name. In an attempt to explain America's â€Å"thirst† for expansion, and to present a defense for America's claim to new territories he wrote: ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive de... ...ong the Kuwait-Saudi Arabian border (www.deoxy.org). It is only logical, due to the previous history of the United States, that one can only conclude that our invasion of Iraq is only to pursue imperialistic ambitions. Throughout the United States history, imperialism has been prevalent. Even with its mother country Britain, when Britain had controlled a quarter of the Earth. The imperialistic ambitions primarily started with our Manifest Destiny philosophy. In many of today’s magazines, newspapers, and articles, they theorize, question, and argue about the question: Is the United States an empire? The answer to that question is: Yes, America is an Empire. A lot of Americans are calling this the Age of American Imperialism. In conclusion, America is an imperial power. Works Cited http://www.merriam-webster.com/ http://www.fff.org http://www.deoxy.org

Roper Logan

The model of nursing that I will use for this assignment was originally developed by Roper in 1976. It was then added and updated in 1980, 1981 and 1983 by Roper, Logan & Tierney. The Roper (1996) model offers a framework for nurses so they can check credit is taken into account when undertaking any nursing care plan.There are four main stages of the nursing process as identified by Yaura & Walsh (1978) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Assessment†¢Planning,†¢Implementation†¢EvaluationDuring any assessment the nurse’s goal is to determine what the patient can & can not do and link that to the activities of daily living (ADL). They will also take into consideration any environmental factors that might affect the individual and their ability to carry out ADLs.The objective in this model of nursing is to be able to identify the patient’s individual needs & lifestyle, and to make a decision on any potential problems related to carrying out ADLs for that person. This model of nur sing has been used in a number of different settings the 12 activities of daily living are related to basic human needs. The 12 activities are:†¢ Maintain a safe environment†¢ Communication†¢ Breathing†¢ Eating & drinking†¢ Mobilisation†¢ Working & playing†¢ Elimination†¢ Washing & Dressing†¢ Controlling Temperature†¢ Expressing sexuality†¢ Sleeping†¢ DyingIn order to maintain patient confidentiality and for the purpose of this assignment, certain personal details of the essay (Care Plan) have been omitted, such as patient name. This is done in accordance with nursing midwifery code of professional conduct (2007) guidelines so I shall use an alias name in the essay (Care Plan) and the patient shall be referred to as Mrs Cullan.In this assignment I shall look at how I, as a student nurse, can make a care plan in relation to one of the 12 activities of daily living. I shall focus on communication for this assignment.Mrs Culla n was a patient, coming into a day procedure unit for cataract extraction surgery, and I followed the patient from admission, into theatre and then into recovery. The patient involved is a 78 year old female; she is a widow and lives alone but has relatives who live near her. She has worn glasses since she was a young girl but lately she has noticed difficulty  reading & watching TV, this was in despite of the fact that she had received a new lens prescription. Mrs Cullan also found that she had to stop driving at nig†¦

Why Is Fashion A Topic Of Sociological Interest - 2501 Words

Why is fashion a topic of sociological interest? Answer with reference to the work of Georg Simmel In his essay about fashion and its sociological importance Georg Simmel argues that fashion is extremely sociologically important as it is a method by which the elite classes can distinguish themselves from lower classes in western society and therefore acts as a facilitator for emphasising and maintaining class distinctions. Simmel’s argument will be explained in this essay however it will be argued that SImmel’s theory is not relevant to society today and fashion is no longer a method for the elite classes to distinguish themselves from the lower classes. This will be discussed with reference the theories of Bauman and Veblen who emphasise the importance of fashion in maintaining class distinctions, however Blumer’s alternative theory of fashion as a collective approach will be analysed and will suggest that Simmel’s theory is no longer accurate in describing and explaining fashion in today’s society. Therefore this essay will offer an explanation as to how fashion is sociologically relevant through Simmel’s theory of fashion however will go on to critique this theory and offer an opposing theory as to the place and importance of fashion in society today, supported largely through the theories and ethnographic findings of Blumer. Defining fashion is extremely important in order to determine its influence on social class in society. The use of the word fashion here does notShow MoreRelated Social Stratification and The Movie Sweet Home Alabama Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagesmobility in the main character. 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Public Private Monopolies

Sample details Pages: 29 Words: 8824 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Public and private monopolies what are the positive and negative effects on the consumer An economy comprises of a large collection of firms and consumers that operate on the basis of market mechanisms known as supply and demand. These are used by firms to determine the level of production, the output required to meet consumption, the price as well as the consumption level. From a microeconomic point of view, markets that exist within the economy are governed by these mechanisms but in actuality this is not the case. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Public Private Monopolies | Economics Dissertations" essay for you Create order Inconsistencies do occur in markets due to competition and firms within the markets tendency to earn more profits. Power to over produce and earn more profits comes from successful firms that attain equilibrium in the market or through mergers and acquisitions. As a result of horizontal integration (in which two or more firms join hands to produce in one industry) and vertical integration (firm develops market dominance by integrating indifferent stages of production) a market tends to develop monopolies(Tutor2u.com 2004). In such a market firms aim to generate higher profitability by increasing market share and by exploiting economies of scale. Competition in the market therefore is reduced as the result of firms growing through internal expansion. This kind of tactics according to economists harms the interests of the industry as well as the consumers which eventually lead to economic instability. To curb this, the government often adopt regulations to prevent monopolies from having an advantage over the existing or new firms and exploiting the consumers interests. Why monopolies are discouraged is because their tendencies to earn higher profits at the cost of allocate efficiency (Tutor2u.com2004). A monopolist would set the price of the product or service high to exploit the consumers needs and wants without satisfying incompletely. Consumer sovereignty thus is replaced by producer sovereignty (Tutor2u.com 2004). This turnaround from consumer sovereignty to producer sovereignty stems from the basic economic principles of economic welfare. Welfare refers to the best use of scarce resources in an economy. This means that welfare is about maximization of resources with optimum outcome(referred to as economic efficiency). Maximization means the firm needs to achieve: a. allocate efficiency resources being allocated to the activities where they are most valued; and b. productive efficiency resources being used in the most effective way possible (Coopers Lybrand 1996). Welfare economy is based on the free market concept with the assumptions that certain conditions are fulfilled. These conditions include large number of producers and consumers; it does not take into account of income distribution or equity considerations; there is perfect competition; and economic efficiency is achieved. Monopolies are also based on the economic models of competitive market and principles which include demand curves (D), supply curves (S), average cost curves (AC), marginal cost curves (MC) and marginal revenue curves(MR) (Coopers Lybrand 1996). Term definitions Demand curve refers to the demand by the consumers and the price they are willing or able to pay for the products. This is in turn governed by the budget constraints, relative prices, preferences and income. What the consumer is willing to pay and what is the actual price are different and the difference between the two is called consumer surplus. Supply curve illustrates the volume the producers are willing to supply at a given price. There is a difference between the actual price and the price at which the producer is willing to supply the products. Thesis known as producer surplus. Marginal cost refers to the cost for producing each additional unit of output. Marginal revenue curve show the total revenue earned by producers through a change in price and output demanded (Coopers Lybrand1996). Given the above constraints and principles, the researcher illustrates the condition of competitive market through the following model and leads the readers to the condition for monopolies. In a perfectly competitive market it is assumed that there are a large number of informed buyers and sellers. The producers are the price takers while the market price is governed by the supply and demand mechanisms. It is further assumed that should any seller tries to raise the price the consumer would switch to another supplier and hence the condition of the profit maximizing firm is such that it would attempt to increase output to attain equilibrium through marginal cost and market price. This would allow the producer to earn maximum profit, incur constant average cost and no fixed cost. This condition is denoted by AC=MC (as shown in the figure). In the above diagram one observes that the consumer surplus is the consumers ability to pay more indicated by the shaded area while there is no producer surplus. This means welfare maximization has been achieved. Even when the price is increased from P to P1 the output level would fall from O to O1, the consumer may not be willing to buy the product even if he/she has the money to do so. Alternatively, if the price is decreased from P to P2, below the MC then the level output would rise because the consumer is willing to buy more of the product at a lesser price. Hence, under perfect competition: the price is equal to the marginal costs Producers earn a normal profit (zero producer surplus); and economic welfare is maximised, so the outcome is economically efficient (Coopers Lybrand 1996). However, in the real world market condition and competition is far from perfect and this model of perfect competition is often marred by other kinds of unfair competition including monopolie s. In the classic case of the monopoly there is only one producer who is the price setter and the consumer is the price taker. The producer would maximize profit by setting the level of MR = MC and a price that the consumer will bear. In the following figure one observes that when the producer produce low level of output the MC is below the MR. What this tactic does is that it lets the producer to control the profit by increasing output while the price is set by the demand curve. Hence in a monopoly there is: - a lower level of output (O compared with O1); A higher price (P compared with P1); Profits in excess of those required to earn a reasonable return (ABDE is monopoly profit or producer surplus); and a reduction in economic welfare; the loss of consumer surplus -resulting from higher prices is ABCE, which is more than the benefit tithe producers in terms of higher profits (ABDE); this net loss, represented by the triangle BCD, is called dead-weight loss (Coopers Lybrand 1996). With this background monopoly can be defined as: A monopoly is a large, single supplier that dominates an industry(Cleaver 2002). A single producer dominates the market by setting the price and gains high profits through producer surplus at the cost of consumer surplus. A monopoly therefore compromises the economic welfare. A monopoly can further be categorized as private or public monopolies. Private monopolies can make huge profits by charging higher prices than a compet itive firm could demand for this reason they tend to be either outlawed in market societies or taken over byte state. Public monopolies are common, intending to provide public services (e.g. postal services transport, etc.) at low cost. The lack of competition for such giants, however, whether privately or publicly owned, tends to breed inefficiency: there is no incentive to serve the public well, since consumers have no other choice of producer to buy from. (Cleaver 2002). Problem Statement Given the above brief explanation of monopolies and the consumers position in the competitive market, one understands that economic theory form the basis for comprehending the structure of real markets, it does not actually present a realistic picture. A framework such as the above would guide the policy-makers in regulating the monopolists and establishing pricing policies but would it maximize consumer economic welfare? What are the effects on other firms? What impact do they have on the policies and the business environment? More importantly, how the differences between public and private monopolies affect these consumers? These are some of the aspects that the researcher aims to investigate in the following sections using the above framework as a guide. Methodology To illustrate the above problem statement the researcher adopts the qualitative method to carry out the research. This entails the use of secondary resources as well as primary resources. In the next section the researcher reviews secondary literature including magazines, newspapers, websites and educational institution material. To enforce the concept of public and private monopolies the researcher also takes into account of primary resources such as journal articles, books and official publications. The purpose of combining primary and secondary resources is to ensure that the researcher has based the analysis on both the theoretical and real life situation. To illustrate true life situation the researcher has also adopted the case study method. Case studies of Royal Mail and Microsoft have been included to represent public and private monopolies respectively. The cases would help the researcher and readers to understand why monopolies behave the way they do, and how they affect consumers as well as industry to which the firms belong. By combining both the qualitative and case studies the researcher aims to analyse and come to conclusive views of how monopolies operate, its negative and positive effects on consumers and what impact do they have on the business environment. Discussion Public monopolies In an economy there are public as well as private firms. The public and private nature of firms keeps a balance of private and public consumption. The rationale is that some goods and services are required by the public but they are not willing to pay for its welfare maximization. These goods and services are demanded by the people but nobody is willing to pay the price for its supplies. For this reason the government takes upon itself to create firms, either through deregulation or setting up independently, with the purpose to provide these public goods and services to the public. With the high demand in todays global market for higher efficiency and effective allocation of resources, many economies are opting for privatization of firms. Many consider privatization as more efficient even for public sector organizations. In the majority of countries, public utilities like electricity, gas, water and postal services remain in the control of the government. However, it must be noted that most of these utilities providing companies are running at a loss and cost of the government as there are only few people who are willing to pay for the goods and services provided. According to Edwin West (1982)Once in operation it is very difficult to stop individuals tuning into obtain its benefits free of charge. This creates the now familiar free rider dilemma, in which nobody will produce the good because nobody is willing to pay sufficiently to cover the costs. Since there is no value or profit involved, the government becomes the undisputed provider and therefore attains the role of the monopolist. In a public monopoly from an economic point of view there is only one seller in the market. Whatever profit, if any, acquired through the operation of the public monopoly belongs to the seller, in which case it is the government or the state. Public organization is owned by the government and often requires a lot of resources for its operations. Investments from taxes and the government budget provide for the required funding to operate these public entities. It may or may not operate for profit and hence a fixed profit is not expected from government owned firm. The public sector organization becomes the undisputed seller in the industry because it runs through state subsidy and can afford to operate at a lesser or zero price. For private enterprise to compete with this structure is highly difficult especially at an operating loss. This is illustrated as follows: In a state owned scenario the competitive market price is set at MC of dissemination and ED becomes the supply curve (S). Since this price is so low there is high demand for it. In some cases such as the Royal Mail there is a constant demand or outcome which does not get affected whether the price is low or high as postal services are required by the public regardless. However, as the producer is operating at a low price that means the cost of dissemination is high and the producer is operating at a loss. The overall result is welfare loss due to the fact that the producer surplus is less than the consumer surplus which equates to producer low surplus. In the following diagram one observe that the area ABDE is the consumer surplus which is basically a loss while the area ACDE is the producer surplus which is negated by the consumer loss. The net welfare BCD is less than the loss incurred on the consumer. Even when the government subsides and allocates more resources it would generate sub-optimal resource efficiency and thereby low social welfare. Government owned organizations such as the Royal Mail often require injection of investments by increasing the subsidies with the hope to increase the social benefit and welfare of the consumer. However, the external benefits may increase for a certain period only and relapse in the long run (see figure 6.3) (Coopers Lybrand1996). This has been the case of Royal Mail in the United Kingdom. The history of Royal Mail can be traced to the period of provocation in1979 in the UK. Most of the UK enterprises had been public enterprises and the government had taken extensive steps to privatize these enterprises with the view to reduce states expenditure and to shift the burden cost to the private sector. As a result 7.2 present of the public owned enterprise reduced to 2 present (Cook 2005). Despite the size of the program some of the government organizations remain within the domain of public sector. During the 1980s under the Labour Government this process reversed and as a result most of the industries became nationalized including the steel, automotive, shipbuilding, aircraft and postal industries. Most of the policy makers favoured the public owned enterprise due to several reasons. Firstly, it accounted for a larger share of the national total output and employment share. Most of these organizations are large and required a large number of workers to support its infrastructure. Since the Labour Government favoured labour intensive organizations, through public ownership it ensured job security for the majority of the population (Cook 2005). Secondly public monopolies such as the mail, airline or the steel industry have been essential services for the country that only the government can subsidize and finance. The massive infrastructure required for their operations made them unattractive to investors. For example the education system, legal framework as well as defence system. These were essential to the public but no single investor would be interested in investing huge funds with bleak future of running at aloes. Only the government with its access to huge funding was willing to invest in such public enterprises. Thirdly, organizations belonging to the public sector may enjoy the monopolist status yet not become regulated due to the governments backing. As a result the resources allocated for its operations secured public welfare. Fourthly, public sector organizations worked in the interests of the consumer regardless of its inefficient status or costly structure. They were accountable to the electorate and not to a group of shareholders alone making them exclusive for a large group of consumers (Cook 2005).As a result of the deregulation, the UK government had been able to secure quite a few public monopolies. It has been observed that most public monopolies are redundant and donor serve the purpose of the consumer as efficiently as the government perceive. Compared with the benefits they provide to the consumers, public monopolies are not as efficient in delivering what they promise to the consumers. Due to the slow innovation and dynamic nature of these enterprises, the result is that they do not change with the consumer need. Poor quality is inherent in the kind of service they provide due to mismanagement and lack of training in the organizations. Other factors that lead to poor quality include incompetence, irresponsibility and the lack of accountability to specific authority (Saves 2000). Since there is no competition in the industry to give public monopolies wake up call and motivating them to innovate to serve the consumer welfare the public enterprises continue to provide services that may not serve the welfare of the consumer fully. For example the need for postal service in this day and age of technological development has decreased significantly (even though parcel services are still required). Public sector enterprises tend to lead to inefficiency due to the vast management and personnel structure. According to E. S. Saves (2000)government performance are reflected in these public enterprises in terms of inefficiency, overstaffing and low productivity. These organizations tend to employ twice as many employees per customer so that the resources become a waste which could easily be allocated to another entity where they are required. Although the government regularly inject investments for appropriating incentives through pay and rewards yet the distributed amount is so less to the individual worker that they remain unsatisfied working at the public organization leading to low productivity and inefficiency. Secondly, one of the biggest complains is that the publicly owned organizations do not have a choice in the products and services they get due to the lack of variety and choice. Due to the monopolistic behaviour, public enterprises tend to lack innovation to diversify resources or products to attract the consumers. As a result the consumers are forced to purchase products that they may not prefer, thereby stifling consumer preference. Thirdly, it has been observed that most public monopolies require huge investment funds at the cost of the taxpayers and the government. Indirectly, the consumer is forced to pay a price for services or products that they may or may not want to utilize. Fourthly, the public monopolists are not accountable to any one in particular but to a body of electorate that may be influenced by political entities. Hence, if there is a Labour government then the public enterprise would get more subsidies to increase its performance and thereby serve the public welfare more. However, on the other hand if there is a Conservative government then the enterprises would get fewer subsidies, decreasing its resources and efficiency. As a result there are fewer benefits to the public despite the high price they pay through taxation and allocated cost. Public policy in the past has been concentrating on the privatization of enterprise due to several reasons. Saves (2000) notes Some state enterprises are not expected to break even or make money, but many are. Nevertheless, loss-making and debt-ridden government enterprises tend to be the rule rather than the exception even among the for-profit group, and this is the principal impetus behind the worldwide movement to privatize such entities. The underlying reason for this state of affairs is the lack of true financial accountability. That is, government agencies and GOEs are rarely subject to binding budget constraints; they can usually muster enough political pressure to extract more subsidies. Furthermore, public enterprises have less inclination towards improvements despite the high level of investments. According to Akira Nishimori and Hikaru Ogawa (2002) First, suppression of the monopoly rents and improvements in allocate efficiency: admitting private firms into a market brings about increased output and lower prices. Second, a higher level of productive efficiency in the public sector; cost reducing incentives will emerge in the public sectors service production when it faces private competitors. They describe the public monopoly situation as follows. A two-stage optimization situation for a public firm is taken as an example. The cost reduction choice of investment is the first stage and the quantity supplied to the consumer is the second stage. When the monopoly equilibrium is achieved, maximization diminishes with the increase in investment in the short term. In the long run therefore the public welfare is decreased as the price continues to increase yet welfare maximization is decreased with high costs. (Nishimori and Ogawa 2002). Not only this but the authors also are of the opinion that in a public monopoly private firms that attempt to enter the industry would remain unsuccessful because public firms undertake cost reduction investment in the face of emerging private competition. When a private firm enters the market, there is a decrease in the consumer welfare. For this reason they propose that in order to prevent decrease in the cost reducing incentive of public firm, subsidization policies such arid subsidies may be effective. (Nishimori and Ogawa 2002). Neoclassical economists are of the view that efficiency is inherent in competitive environment. Unlike public monopolies which do not breed competition, privatization thrives in competitive markets as it attracts more investments. Nigel M. Healey (1993) writes The allocate and X-efficiency gains from increasing competition are illustrated by a movement from north to south; that is, from monopoly towards more competitive markets. By combining the capital market and competition arguments, and accepting the notion that private capital markets are beneficial for economic performance, it appears that the largest efficiency gains can be expected where there is an ownership change which leads to both more competition and more reliance on private capital markets. Public monopolies therefore are not open to competition which is the reason why they tend to decrease inefficiency as competition rises. In the UK firms like National Freight Corporation, British Telecom and Royal Mail all tend to have decreasing market share when they are faced with private competition. Royal Mail is the classic case of monopoly which has been dominating the postal industry in the UK for decades. According to a market report by Postcomm (2003) the postal industry is dominated by business mail. Twenty eight present of Royal Mails financial income is derived from its top 50 customers while 59 present of its mail volume comprise of commercial mail including utility bills, financial statements, invoices and government mail. The rest 29 present is made up of marketing material. On the other hand private postal services comprise of only 11percent of the market. With 15 years licence Royal Mail has been the dominant postal service provider within the UK for all types of postage and parcel services. The Postal Services 2000 however revised this public monopoly and introduced competition in the market by allowing other companies to compete with Royal Mail. Despite this fact Royal Mail still remains the undisputed king in the postal industry creating barriers to competition. It has an advantage over its competitors because of its universal access to geographical location as well as collects and delivers mail on each working day (Postcomm Report 2003). But more importantly Royal Mail has exemption from VAT, customs privileges and parking and traffic privileges which delineate it from competitors. The company serves in uneconomic and diverse areas which tend to increase its preference among consumers. Though this cost the government but nevertheless it has set a pattern and process of delivery to diversified destination which increases its competitive edge over other potential mail companies (Postcomm Report 2003). As studied theoretically above, Royal Mail proves to be financially inefficient due to its failure to meet financial target. Despite its increase in revenue due to increase in volume sales and price Royal Mail nevertheless does not earn as much as it is required to reach equilibrium. Instead it concentrates on making profits on business accounts; prepared items etc. and lose out on stamped items. As a result the Postcomm authority has increased restrictions on Royal Mail(Postcomm Report 2003). In such a case of public monopoly, one observes that Royal Mail would continue to incur costs of investments and injections for the upkeep of the enterprise. The organization despite restrictions and strict policies has not been able to meet its performance target. But more importantly Royal Mail behaves in the same manner as in the cost dissemination model that the researcher discussed earlier. Despite high prices Royal Mail is operating at a loss due to a variety of reasons including inefficiency, lack of innovation, loss and compromising consumer welfare with its limited services. Private monopolies As opposed to public there are private monopolies which are adopted by private enterprises. Private monopolies deal with the supply side of economics. According to Charles Geist (2000) private monopolies tend to dominate the market as effectively as public monopolies due to the incentives in the form of tax cuts, economic stimulation and increase in the demand of goods and services. As a result, a private monopolist raises the prices of goods and services higher than the market price with the intention to earn higher profits. In the following illustration of private monopoly there is only one producer who influences the price. The producer sets MC=AC and setting the production low where MR=MC. This way there is low level of production which in turn creates high demand. The price set would that that the market will bear and hence the consumer becomes the price taker. In the following figure one see that low output at O would enable the producer to increase the price of the goods to meet the demand B. Since MC is below MR the producer enjoys a high level of profit with low level of output. If he increases his output to O then he/she would lose out on the price set by the market mechanisms supply-demand. As a result the monopolist profits ABDE despite the high demand ABCE. The area BCD is the dead-weight loss which the market will bear as a result of the monopoly (Coopers and Lybrand 1996). Thus, in private monopolies do not actually serve the purpose of satisfying the consumer welfare because it involves: - a lower level of output (O compared with O1); A higher price (P compared with P1); Profits in excess of those required to earn a reasonable return (ABDE is monopoly profit or producer surplus); and a reduction in economic welfare; the loss of consumer surplus -resulting from higher prices is ABCE, which is more than the benefit tithe producers in terms of higher profits (ABDE); this net loss, represented by the triangle BCD, is called dead-weight loss.(Coopers and Lybrand 1996) Sometimes the government such as those under the Reagans administration induce private monopolies through privatization policies to get the country out of economic recession. However, according to Bauer et al (1995) The impact of a regulatory system depends upon its influence on managerial behaviour. In the United States, where private monopoly suppliers of electricity, gas and water have existed for many years, the regulatory system has led to confusion, litigation and commercial disaster. The regulations control, inter alia, the level of service, environmental considerations, and pricing, much as in Britain. As a result private monopolies tend to affect the consumers and do not really satisfy their needs. Not only has this but it been observed that private monopolies run on the basis of rate of returns on private capital. According to Healey(1993) where a ceiling on the rate of return on capital exists, the incentive for management to control costs is reduced, and an incentive exists to extend the capital base through more investmentthe so-called Avert-Johnson effect. This effect compromises the consumer welfare and undermines the enterprise objectives of serving the public. Privatization and the promotion of private monopolies therefore are costly as they need regulatory bodies to monitor them. Yet despite this fact policy makers are of the opinion that to increase firms efficiency, privatization is the most feasible process. As a result private monopoly develops. Horton and Ridge (1972) writes about private monopoly as follows: Private monopoly is also more subject to erosion than governmental monopoly. Competition will make itself felt in one way or another whenever the monopoly price is far above the competitive price. There cent stock-market hearings offer a dramatic example. The commission charged on large purchases and sales is clearly exorbitant. As a result, firms executing such orders have been able to get the business only by agreeing to give up part, often a large part, of their commissions to other firms designated by the customers clearly an indirect form of price-cutting. In addition, a third market has developed in which large traders deal directly, bypassing the organized exchanges. A less dramatic but more pervasive example is competition among firms to provide free services to customers in the form of investment information and advice, attractive lounges with tickers, and so on. Erosion of this sort tends to undermine the management of private organizations and eventually lead to inefficiency which has been the objective of the government for inducing it in the first place. According to Hay and Morris (1991) whenever business activities are monopolistic in nature it involves engineering factors. Engineering here refers to the engineering of management processes and operation of social and economic factors within the enterprise. When the monopolist serve the market at a lower unit cost than other competing firms are unable to match the price or the resources upon which the monopolist is operating. As a result the monopolist creates barriers to entries and drive out competition in the industry. Incentives to efficiency under monopoly prove to be weak as it is cheaper for the market to have two suppliers who are also competitors rather than a single producer. Button the other hand for a monopolist, instead of increasing goods quantity and decrease the price, it would be more profitable to use the same resources to produce related products. One example is the case of Microsoft which has used its technology base to create products that are interconnected and at a high price. As a result the consumer is forced to purchase these products because it is convenient for them to use Microsoft products without having technology clashes (Hay and Morris 1991). Not only this but private monopolies largely lie within the domain of the private sector in which the authority and the accountability lies with the shareholders they serve. The government and policy makers only have authority to the extent of governing it through regulations. The monopolists tend to exist for their own profitability and efficiency as long as its resources are allocated for maximization. Ultimately, it is the market and the consumer which is affected. Private monopolies for example tend to drive competition out of the market due to large consumer base and the related production of goods that attract consumers to remain loyal to one producer. The consumer intern are charged a higher price for the so called quality products because there is no other product that exists in the market that rivals it. For example in the case of Microsoft products, Windows entered the market as an operating system that competes with others like Linux and Macintosh. Due to the monopolistic tactics by Microsoft, the related Windows series and its component have become a need for the consumers. They do not have a choice. However, not all private monopolies are harmful as Stevens S. Cuellar(2000) writes It should be noted that even if a firm is determined tube a monopoly it is neither illegal nor pernicious in any sense. It is an economic distinction devoid of any value judgement. Although the term monopoly may elicit visions of price gouging profiteers, this reaction is very much misplaced. Indeed, monopolies are not necessarily harmful to consumer, and in many circumstances they can lead to outcomes more beneficial to consumers than competitive markets. Thus, the distinction of monopoly is not, as many perceive, necessarily damning. Cuellars comments open doors to the rationale that private monopolies tend to increase efficiency through effective allocation of resources. But more importantly private monopolies operate to satisfy the consumers needs. In the operating system market, Microsoft produces Windows and its subsequent series to satisfy the consumers and ease of use. Not only this but products from monopoly firms tend to be homogenous and have prices that the consumer can afford albeit it might be a bit higher than the set market price. In return the monopolistic firm ensures that the consumer gets multidimensional product features so that they do not turn to alternative producers. Hence in this context private monopolies increase product qualities and features as compared to other firms. Furthermore, the objective of private firms to drive down cost and increase profitability often attracts investors of all kinds. Investors are interested in long and short term high returns for the capital invested. Private monopolies increase productivity by engineering processes as well as engage in low cost of production so as to meet the investors criteria. For this reason privatization tend to appeal tithe policy makers that want to focus on the benefit of mass consumers rather than a certain segment of consumers and to attain fast rate of returns. However, the inherent nature of private monopolies to dominate and drive out substitutes ultimately makes it bad for the industry. Private monopolies tend to drive out competitors through their domination within the industry. Firms efficiently operate to increase profitability at the cost of the consumers. In an industry that is dominated by private monopolies, rivals cannot compete with the low cost of production and economies of scale. They also curb product innovation in the long run because consumers are dependent on the innovation of the single firm. This also leads to low tendency of product diversification and limitation on consumer choice. For this reason private monopolies are highly discouraged by the authority. In the US the Sherman Act and the Anti-Trust Law are the regulating mechanisms for discouraging private monopolies. Yet it has been observed firms like DuPont, Microsoft and ATT continue to dominate the market. These laws attempt to curb monopolies also affect the consumers. According to Baldwin and Cave (1999): In such circumstances firms also, have a strong incentive to gain temporary advantage over their rivals through innovation and the development of new services. Compared with this scenario, the regulation of a monopoly that faces no competition has many disadvantages. If the regulator controls the price of the service, the firm producing it may retaliate by reducing quality. In order to counteract this, the regulator may then become involved in specifying an increasing, number of the characteristics of the service, and runs the risk of eventually micro-managing its production and distribution. Perhaps even more importantly, price regulation tends to remove incentives for innovation. Thus, if a firm introduces a cost-saving innovation, a regulator may respond by enforcing a lower price, and the prospect of this will eliminate the incentive to cut costs. For the same reason, a regulated monopoly will have little incentive to meet customers demands exactly. Thus, private monopolies unlike as economists believe can be effective for an industry. It can improve performances if there are no external regulations to seal its operations through the maximization of resources and increased efficiency. Furthermore most of these organizations are under private ownership which is why they are accountable to a centralized authority that take fast action and make quick decisions to rectify deteriorating business situations such as consumer dissatisfaction, low sales or high pricing in the industry. Since not all monopolies resort to high pricing such as the case of Microsoft, it could become a regulator for pricing as well as indicated by the above authors. Similarly, monopolies tend to attract private investors and therefore have access to funding for operations. The consumer is not taxed directly or indirectly unless he/she purchases the product. Since the private monopoly firm is dependent on the profit, loss is seldom observed unless it is the competing firm. Monopolistic firm tend to drive out competition out of the market through superior products and services that influence the way other firms operate and produce. Thus they are indirectly also the trend and standard setter which ultimately reflect on the consumer benefit. Comparison of private and private monopolies Competition has very different meanings for those involved as well as those affected by it. In the business world it refers to productivity, pricing and profitability rivalry. One firm seeks to outdo the other. In the economic world competition means that the market place is free for those who are capable of competing at a given set of rules. There is no individual influence on the price except by diverting from the market price at the cost of the producer. However, when a monopoly develops in a market this structure is changed with one producer gaining and maximizing from the market and there is no control over the kind of products or services that the monopolist sells. According to Milton and Rose Friedman (1982): Monopoly raises two classes of problems for a free society. First, the existence of monopoly means a limitation on voluntary exchange through reduction in the alternatives available to individuals. Second, the existence of monopoly raises the issue of the social responsibility, as it has come to be called, of the monopolist. The participant in competitive market has no appreciable power to alter terms of exchange; he is hardly visible as a separate entity; hence it is hard to argue that he has any social responsibility except that which is shared ball citizens to obey the law of the land and to live according to his lights. The monopolist is visible and has power. It is easy to argue that he should discharge his power not solely to further his own interests but to further socially desirable ends. Yet the widespread application of such a doctrine would destroy a free society. In the eventual situation such as the above the government intervenes by imposing regulations and ceiling price and profitability. These measures aim to normalize the competitive market. On the other hand there are instances in which monopoly may benefit the consumer, ultimately making hem necessary for the market. Enterprise monopoly whether public or private are important because they serve the consumers needs despite the general impression that monopolies are harmful for the public. As a result there is not clear cut determining economic theory that is ideal for constructing a market without monopolies. The problem is integrated and inherent in the activities of the economy. Monopolies as studied earlier serve the consumers needs and benefits. Whether public or private monopolies, both aim to provide services tithe consumers by creating products and services that they need and want. However, it is the approach which differs. A public monopolist would aim to provide services to the consumer thereby achieving consumer welfare objectives. The private monopolist also tends towards the same objectives albeit with the motive to earn profits. At this point they tend to deviate. A private enterprise would concentrate on reducing resources by increasing efficiency whereas the public monopoly has no such restrictions to achieve its objectives. As a result public monopoly according to economists tends towards waste as compared to the private monopoly. Competition is not critical for the private or the public monopolist in the sense that both of them tend to drive out the competitors from the market. Here too the private monopolist tends to increase its efficiency and maximize its resources through efficient cost allocation and decreasing its marginal revenue to meet marginal cost. On the other hand the public monopolist is not concerned about such limits. In fact most economists as discussed earlier agree that the public monopolists are wasteful in the sense that they require a lot of investments and resources such as manpower to operate as much as twice the labour to satisfy one consumer. In business term this is highly inefficient and ineffective as compared to the kind of investments required to operate the public monopolies. Eugene Staley (1939) writes of the importance of resource efficiency and maximization: Monopolistic elements must be kept at a low enough level so that the wastes of competition (which are mostly wastes of imperfect or monopolistic competition) do not offset the gains from private initiative. Competition cantering on price and quality is essential if free private enterprise is to be asocial benefit. Otherwise, restriction of output, wasteful use of resources, exploitation of the consumer, and general instability are the results of laissez faire. Where competition of the right sort is not present, public action to restore it or to substitute public control for the private control given by monopoly power is needed. It is therefore important for enterprise to focus on the methods used for production instead on the end results only. Real economies of scale exist in operations that combine location of resources with market and ease of operation. Private monopolies are usually particular about these factors as they make the objective achievement possible. However, in the case of public monopolies, these enterprises tend to expand output without considering the impact of additional cost to production and the price the consumer is willing to pay. Marginal cost therefore tends to be higher than the marginal revenue which often results in operating loss. This is one of the reasons why the government and the public are against public monopolies. However, a country cannot do without public monopolies. Services such as defence, telecommunication, social security services, utilities etc. All are required by the public but these require high investments that capitalists do not have access to. The result is that the government has to take over and create organizations to operate and provide these services. Without the inclusion of external competitors, eventually the government and its public enterprise become the monopolist. As far as the consumer is concerned, the question is not whether the consumer is willing to pay the price for the services or not because they are charged of it through taxation regardless. The pricing of such services is not affected by elasticity of demand because it is inelastic. Staley (1939) explains this thus: A private monopoly, on the other hand, would restrict output below that point if the conditions of demand were such that the greater scarcity-value at smaller output would more than make up for the reduced volume of sales. During times of boom and depression, the social monopoly would take into account in setting its price and output, not only the effect of its decisions upon its own net income but also the effect upon general economic stability. Hence from Staleys point of view the real problem with monopoly is inherent in restoring effective competition and converting private monopoly to public monopoly. Economists propose to make competition more effective by regulating the enterprise and to increase competition. This would decrease trade barriers resulting in dissemination of the power of monopoly and a freer market. Royal Mail in this context does not have effective competitors to gauge its productivity or efficiency. The service it provides to the consumerism needed regardless of the quality and price. Yet there are no competitors in the industry because under public monopoly private firms are not allowed to compete with the public enterprise due to several reasons. First being that Royal Mail is subsidized by the British government and it has the funding through taxes. It has far reaching territories and access to geographical areas without the interference of customs in delivering its items. On the other hand, private firms are subjected to difficult regulations and customs as well as taxation that make their participation in the industry ineffective and highly inefficient. As a result few competitors exist to rival Royal Mail. Competition therefore must be injected so as to diversify and reduce the power of monopoly in the postal industry of the UK. According tostadas (2000) much of the indicators of poor performance among public enterprises are due to the governments induced monopoly. These public monopolies result in: inefficiency, overstaffing, and low productivity poor quality of goods and services continuing losses and rising debts of for-profit government enterprises lack of managerial skills or sufficient managerial authority unresponsiveness to the public under maintenance of facilities and equipment insufficient funds for needed capital investments excessive vertical integration obsolete practices or products, and little marketing capability multiple and conflicting goals misguided and irrelevant agency missions underutilized and underperforming assets illegal practices theft and corruption (Saves 2000). Private monopolies are dissimilar in this regard. For example Microsoft is considered to be one of the most efficient organizations in its industry as it makes effective and efficient use of its multidimensional resources. Using the same resources it has been able to develop diversified products and services that trickle down its supply chain. This way it effectively reduces the supply chain dependencies and increases its profitability. Unlike the classic private monopoly case, Microsoft does not believe in high pricing and driving its customers away. Instead it concentrates on increasing consumer base through related products and services so as to increase its market share. In this sense private monopolies are more inclined towards the consumer welfare as compared to public monopolies albeit for the ulterior motive of increasing its profitability. Given the above negative and positive effects of monopolies, how can policy makers and consumers determine which monopoly to encourage? Hayek (1986) eloquently summarizes the choice as follows: The fatal turning point in the modern development was when the great movement which can serve its original ends only by fighting all privilege, the Labour Movement, came under the influence faint-competition doctrines and became itself entangled in the strife for privilege. The recent growth of monopoly is largely the result of deliberate collaboration of organised capital and organised labour where the privileged groups of labour share in the monopoly profits at the expense of the community and in particularly at the expense of the poorest, those employed in the less well organised industries and the unemployed. Hence whether public or private monopolies, the consumer is affected by both. Both private and public monopolies provide benefits and at the same time undermine the consumer welfare. What is required is a moderate industry structure that does not produce monopolies but rather create efficient producers whether private or public. For the consumer, producer and the government the highest priority should be the consumer welfare. The policy makers therefore should strive for organizations that best achieve this objective. Conclusion The problem with monopolists is that they are the price takers. In competitive industries this trend has an adverse effect on the consumers well as the producers themselves. Price setting as illustrated byte economic model in the introduction should be automatic according tithe market mechanism of demand and supply. However, when a price taker, in the case of a monopoly equals to the producer, dictates the price then the consumer as the one who accepts the price one way or the others undermined. By and large a monopoly drives out competition and takes up a major share of the market through its aggressive behaviour. Competitors are barred from entry due to the high efficient utilization of resources; subsidies; product features; or market share. According to an article in The Economist Slackers or pace-setters? (2004) firms play a big role in innovation. In todays global and dynamic markets industries are characterised by highly competitive companies that dominate the market share. To distinguish a monopolist from a competitor is difficult because competitors and monopolists alike are investing in innovation and creativity to expand their environments. What distinguish Microsoft and the rest of its competitors is that it concentrates on market share and producing products that creates consumer dependency and restrict choice. Furthermore, Microsoft unlike its competitors can afford to invest in resources such as labs, buildings and licensing etc. to make it even more competitive against other firms. With top of the line technology and innovation in hand, the company has been able to siege a large consumer base especially in the personal desktop operating system market (Cuellar 2000). In this sense private enterprise monopolies can be concluded as useful and harmful. They do breed innovation unlike the typical monopolists but at the same time they are also the barriers to market entry. On the other hand we have the public enterprise that are highly dependent on the government and peoples taxes to run. Public monopolies develop as a result of the natural setting of the industry and the governments commendation. They require huge investments and constant subsidies to run. As a result they tend to waste resources without being efficient in what they provide to the consumer. In the event, they compromise the consumer welfare which is one of the major negative points. The case in hand is the British Royal Mail. The public monopoly has been operating with the funding from the government and charging consumers. There is a lack of diversity and innovation in its services despite the drastically changing consumer need. But more importantly, it bar competitors from entering the postal industry through subsidies and government regulation. Even though the UK policymakers are realizing the inefficiency of Royal Mail, nevertheless the problem is half solved with the revised policy of opening the industry to private firms. One of the reasons being that Royal Mail continue to dominate the market through its strong hold over the business mail market and accessibility. As a result competitors that enter into the market will find it hard to make a niche for themselves. Nevertheless, Royal Mail has its own utility as it has been serving the consumers through its delivery services for decades. Overall, it can be concluded that monopolies whether private or public needs to be regulated. From an economic model perspective a competitive market and its consumers needs to have perfect knowledge of the demand and supply. The producer needs to be aware of its consumers and the consumers must be given the choice of choosing products and services. The government too has certain responsibilities of overseeing the cost structure, consumer welfare and provision of public good when regulating the industry. A monopoly is bound to develop if the government does not keep a balance of these factors. To sum up in EstesKafauvers words (1966): [Thus] it is not surprising that the records of the regulatory agencies have sometimes been disappointing. Instead of developing policies making the industry more responsive to public needs, they too often spend their energies protecting fixed investments, freezing obsolete modes of doing business, excluding new entrants from the industry, and perpetuating the existence of high-cost operators. In a word, the regulated take over the regulators, and for all practical purposes, monopoly comes to be elevated to the position of high public policy. References Author not available, 2004, AS Economics: Monopoly and Market Failure, Economics Revision Focus, Tutor2u 2004. 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