The Development of the Torpedo during World War I :: Torpedoes Torpedo Research Papers

The Development of the Torpedo during World War IThe year is 1942, and German U-boats are wreaking havoc on assort channelping to Britain the vital lifeline which allows the island nation to survive. Unchallenged, they sink hundreds of the merchant vessels which carry the desperately needed food, arms, and other equipment that is necessary for Britains survival. They are silent and deadly unseen until it is too late. With a loud deafening blast, a torpedo impacts the center of a ship, breaking its back. The other ships try to run, as their crews search for the unseen attacker by the glow of the ship slipping under the water to her final resting place. Cries of terror pierce the sky, as a ghostly shadow is seen heading for the flagship. The ship rolls to the side as it turns as hard as it can. The torpedo misses, but a second blast pierces the sky, disabling the ships rudder and propellers. Tracking the submarine with its sonar, a opener escort moves at full steam to counter the threat. Once over the spot where the submarine lurks, depth charges are shot over the railing, and they sink piano in the water to bring the fight back to the concealed enemy. As each detonates, the water bulges over top of where they were dropped. Knowing when it has met its match, the German U-boat retreats and the mesh is over until another day. The histories of many weapons of World War II are well known, such as that of the tank and the airplane. However the torpedo is one that is very much scolded about, yet its history remains in the shadow of these other well known weapons. In an effort to learn more about this topic, I interviewed my grandfather. During the war, he worked in a group developing the transonic controlled torpedo. For many years, he was not able to tell anyone what he did, including his parents. It was not until several years ago when he saw a documentary on the television which had a segment that described the development of the torpedo did he feel that h e could talk about what he really did during the war. I first began by asking him what he did during the war. He told me that he led a group who was developing sonic controlled torpedoes, which were designed to follow sound made by a ship or a submarines propeller.

Awarding Six Medals to the Three Released POW S :: Free Essay Writer

Awarding Six Medals to the Three Released POWS The military has lost its mind by awarding six medals to the three released P.O.W.s. I do not mean to rag on the three troops -- although one did write a give thanks You note to his prison guards for his swell Motel 6 treatment, but more to the point is the damage such giveaway policies do to our military awards programs. Remember what Napoleon utter about awards Give me enough ribbon and I will conquer the world. So that all of you have a complete list of the awards the three heroes got, I will list them for you Purple titty Army Commendation Medal P.O.W. Medal Armed Forces Medal United Nations Medal NATO Medal The Purple Heart is awarded for wounds suffered while in armed combat with an opposing force, for wounds received while in combat operations in a combat zone or for wounds received from terrorist acts while in the military. It is also awarded to the next of kin whe n someone is KIA or dies as the result of wounds received. How can the Pentagon give out Purple paddy wagon for injuries received that are no worse than those received in a H.S. football game? Yes, they were soldiers yes, they were on a mission and yes, they were treated roughly -- bemused noses, cracked ribs, chipped teeth, cuts and abrasions. Is the Army telling me that the same award for being killed, maimed or shot-up in a firefight is the same award for taking a fist to the chops -- treated roughly? I propose a new award -- the Black & Blue Device. It would resemble the old W.W.II ruptured duck or just be a plain Red Cross on a white background the International Sign for First Aid. And by the way, it was the President himself who referred to them as detainees and state that they werent in a war zone. Now theyre hailed as conquering heroes and given combat awards for sterling performance in a war zone.

Nathaniel Mackeys Bedouin Hornbook Essay -- Nathaniel Mackey Bedouin

Nathaniel Mackeys Bedouin HornbookA Bedouin is a nomad and a nomad a wanderer. Nathaniel Mackey seems to wander far and away in his Bedouin Hornbook, a series of fictional letters turn to to an Angel of Dust and signed by the ambiguous N. N. interprets passages of improvisation, analyzing others musical expression in surprising detail to the point that his unquestioning sincerity and self-assurance argon almost laughable. That N. can glean meaning from music in such a direct and certain manner is problematic because his note of hand implies that there is sole(prenominal) one correct interpretation of music. In addressing the issue of how music conveys meaning, Mackey seems to wander in two disparate directions. After asserting each seemingly opposed view, first that music and speech are simply ends in themselves and second that they are means to a separate end, Mackey reconciles the question through his motivic discussion of absence seizure and essence.In the first passage, Macke y draws out the nuances of this problem by directing two characters to argue over the meaning of a particular musical piece. He focuses on the mood rather than the content of the dispute, suggesting that its value lies in the graceful unfolding of the argument itself. In the subsequent passage, N.s lecture on The Creaking of the intelligence service uses metaphor in such a way as to highlight the explosive possibility of words and music to transmit meaning. During the first episode, Mackey uses the same style of writing when N. repeats another characters speech as when he reiterates anothers musical ideas, which confuses the boundary between music and speech. N. uses the same tone when retelling the verbal dispute between Lambert and Aunt Nancy as when interpreting La... ... Bottles lecture/demonstration, as far as Djamilaa was concerned, would take the form of a serenade (206). Here the forms of music and speech converge as one, signaling a convergence of their parallel roles th roughout the novel. That the speech is an after-the-fact version, or a re-interpretation, is endorse of Mackeys commitment to artistic evolution. The book ends in relative confusion a phone rings repeatedly with no answer and Djamilaa wistfully dreams of a potentially shared blocked opera (208). Despite lacking a concrete conclusion, by raising and resolving numerous contradictions, the novel offers a hard and layered understanding of how meaning is conveyed through and in art. Mackey shows through words that music may be both a means and an end. Ultimately, Bedouin Hornbook pays homage to the temperamental man and his wandering sport, improvisation.

Waste Land Essay: Spiritual Decay -- T.S. Eliot Waste Land Essays

Spiritual Decay in The blow out Land In The Waste Land, T.S. Eliot develops his theme of sterility and crumble in the post-World War I man by focusing on the aspect of religious dearth or shallowness reflected in despintualized love (Pinion). For Eliot, mans inability to find real love or to move beyond superficial sexual gratification is congruous to the spiritual decay of his soul. In the first part of the poem, The Burial of the Dead Eliots allusions to two love stories amidst a backdrop of stony rubbish and broken images illustrates his view of love as something that has deep in thought(p) its ability to blossom in the infertility of modem society (20,22). Eliot alludes to the story of Tristan, a young sailor, who leaves his lover, Isolde, behind when he sails for home. As he lies dying, he waits for the arrival of her ship, plainly the sea that is to bring her remains empty and desolate. This shows how human longing in love is fr... ...erating his hope for the regenerat ion or rebirth of the human spirit (424-425). work Cited and Consulted Pinion, F.B., A T.S. Eliot Companion Life and Works, The Macmillan Press (1986) Southam, B.C., A Guide to the Selected Poems of T.S. Eliot, Harcourt Brace & Company Shashane, VA Reflections on the Waste Land, Studies on IS Eliot Ed. A.N. Dwivedi US Bahri Publishers (1989) Raffel, Burton IS Eliot Frederick Ungar Publising Co., Inc. (1982)

Nick Carraway in Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers

NICK CARRAWAY has a special place in The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald. He is not just mavin character among several it is through his eyes and ears that the story takes place. In this novel, dent goes to some length to establish his credibility, indeed his righteous integrity, in telling this story about this "great" man called Gatsby. He begins with a reflection on his own upbringing, quoting his fathers words about dings "advantages, which we could assume were solid but, he soon makes clear, were spiritual or moral advantages. Nick wants his reader to know that his upbringing gave him the moral fiber with which to withstand and pass judgment on an amoral world, such as the one he had observed the previous summer. He says, rather pompously, that as a consequence of such an upbringing, he is "inclined to nurse all judgments" about other people, but then goes on to say that such "tolerance . . . has a limit. This is the first sign the narrator giv es the reader to extract he will give an even-handed insight to the story that is about to unfold. Later the reader learns he neither reserves all judgments nor does his tolerance reach its limit. Nick is very partial in his way of telling the story about several characters. He admits early into the story that he makes an exception of judging Gatsby, for whom he is prepared to suspend both the moral code of his upbringing and the limit of intolerance, because Gatsby had an "extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic readiness. This inspired him to a level of friendly relationship and loyalty that Nick seems unprepared to extend towards others in the novel. Nick overlooks the moral implications of Gatsbys bootlegging, his association with speakeasies, and with Meyer Wolfsheim, the man rumored to have fixed the World Series in 1919. Yet, he is contemptuous of Jordan Baker for cheating in a mere golf game. While he says that he is prepared to forgive this sort of behavior in a woman "It made no difference to me. Dishonesty in a woman is a thing you never blame too late - I was casually sorry, and then I forgot," it seems that he cannot accept her for organism "incurably dishonest" and then reflects that his one "cardinal virtue" is that he is "one of the few honest people" he has ever known. When it comes to judging women - or perhaps only pote... ...e said, even through his appalling soupyity, I was reminded of something - an elusive rhythm, a fragment of lost words, that I had heard somewhere a long time ago . . ." These are Nicks words. Whose "appalling sentimentality" is operating here? Has Nick reported any of Gatsbys words - which comprise so little of the novel - to suggest that he would even begin to put his love for Daisy in these "sentimental" terms? Is not this excess of sentiment in fact Nicks sentiment for Gatsby or perhaps Nicks attempt at displaying those "rather literary" days he had in college? Or both? The reader should consider the distance that Fitzgerald has created between his presence in the story and Nicks and their implications. Fitzgerald has created a most interesting character in Nick because he is very much a fallible storyteller. When an author unsettles an accepted convention in the art of storytelling by creating a narrator wish well Nick, it draws attention to the story as fiction, as artifice. Ironically, in doing this, he has created in Nick a figure who more closely resembles an average human being and thus has heightened the realism of the novel

Nick Carraway in Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers

NICK CARRAWAY has a special place in The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald. He is not just one character among several it is through and through his eyes and ears that the narration takes place. In this novel, slit goes to some length to establish his credibility, indeed his moral integrity, in telling this story to the highest degree this "great" small-arm called Gatsby. He begins with a reflection on his own raising, quoting his fathers words about chips "advantages, which we could assume were material but, he soon makes clear, were spiritual or moral advantages. Nick wants his reader to know that his upbringing gave him the moral fiber with which to withstand and pass judgment on an amoral world, such as the one he had observed the antecedent summer. He says, rather pompously, that as a consequence of such an upbringing, he is "inclined to reserve all judgments" about other people, but then goes on to say that such "tolerance . . . has a limit. Th is is the first sign the narrator gives the reader to show he will give an even-handed insight to the story that is about to unfold. Later the reader learns he neither reserves all judgments nor does his tolerance reach its limit. Nick is very partial in his way of telling the story about several characters. He admits early into the story that he makes an exception of judgement Gatsby, for whom he is prepared to suspend both the moral code of his upbringing and the limit of intolerance, because Gatsby had an "extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic readiness. This inspired him to a level of friendship and loyalty that Nick seems unprepared to extend towards others in the novel. Nick overlooks the moral implications of Gatsbys bootlegging, his association with speakeasies, and with Meyer Wolfsheim, the man rumored to have fixed the World Series in 1919. Yet, he is contemptuous of Jordan Baker for cheating in a unmixed golf game. While he says that he is prepared to forgive this sort of behavior in a woman "It made no difference to me. treachery in a woman is a thing you never blame too deeply - I was casually sorry, and then I forgot," it seems that he cannot aim her for being "incurably dishonest" and then reflects that his one "cardinal virtue" is that he is "one of the few honest people" he has ever known. When it comes to judging women - or perhaps only pote... ...e said, even through his appalling sentimentality, I was reminded of something - an elusive rhythm, a fragment of lost words, that I had heard somewhere a long time ago . . ." These are Nicks words. Whose "appalling sentimentality" is operating here? Has Nick reported any of Gatsbys words - which comprise so gnomish of the novel - to suggest that he would even begin to put his love for Daisy in these "sentimental" terms? Is not this excess of sentiment in occurrence Nicks sentiment for Gatsby or perhaps Nicks attempt at displaying thos e "rather literary" days he had in college? Or both? The reader should consider the blank that Fitzgerald has created between his presence in the story and Nicks and their implications. Fitzgerald has created a most interesting character in Nick because he is very much a faint storyteller. When an author unsettles an accepted convention in the art of storytelling by creating a narrator like Nick, it draws attention to the story as fiction, as artifice. Ironically, in doing this, he has created in Nick a figure who more closely resembles an average human being and thus has heightened the realism of the novel

BCG Matrix Application

BCG intercellular substance is devised by Boston Consulting Group. The underpinning philosophy for the development of this matrix was the portfolio analysis. The aim was to develop a methodology to determine what type of strategic decision needs to be taken, especially in terms of investment funds to the products within the portfolio of a company. He divided all the products into four categories, on the bum of two dimensions.These categories were cash cow, cad, sensation and question mark. These four categories were based on two dimensions, grocery store growth (high or low) and the market function of the concerned product. PurposeThe grassroots purpose of the BCG matrix was to establish a picture of the product portfolio for an organization which classifies the products into the categories based on market growth and market sh atomic number 18. This classification, as they posed, was deemed to help in taking strategic decisions related to investment, divestiture etc. The Impact of BCG Matrix The popularity of BCG Matrix in early days can be highlighted from the fact that in 1979, in that respect was around 360 out of the fortune 1000 companies which were using this tool and considered it to stick out a positive effect on the management decisions. (Haspeslagh 1982)InterpretationBefore moving on to the real case, it is better to understand the interpretation of each category as it would help in gaining deeper insight of the case. Star In this tool, those products are classified as star which has high market growth and the product itself has high market plowshare. For such product, the main focus is to treasure the market share. Cash scare Cash Cow are those products which have low market growth, yet high market share of the product itself. The extra cash generated out of it is usually used to protect market share and distri justed to other products (usually question label) to support their share.Question Mark These are the products which are high in market growth, but the product itself does not have high market share. This situation demands either more investment in those products to increase the share or to divest them, if the competitor is very strong and change magnitude share does not seems to be a possibility. Dog These are the products that have low market share and the market growth is also low. In this case, the stovepipe strategy is to liquidate or divest it for as much amount as possible. (Keller and Kotler, 2005)Applying to the CaseThe case states that the company has developed the BCG matrix for its divisions. The findings of the BCG matrix show that Electronics stratum is on the upper right side of the matrix (which actor question mark). However, the Appliances Division is on the lower left side of the matrix (Cash Cow). The Appliances Division (Cash Cow) This means that the appliances developed by the company have low market growth and the appliances made by the company have high market share. As on that poi nt is high market share, so the profit generation form these products is high and as the market growth is low, so the investment required is low.This means that the spare cash can be used to grow other businesses / divisions or products. The Electronic Division (Question Mark) These are the products where on that point is a significant market growth, but the company itself is not able to gain a significant market share. This is the worst of all other case, since the market is growing yet the firm is not able to capitalize the situation. If questions marks are kept going like this, they would absorb so much cash and ultimately become a dog when the market growth drops.Thus, there is a need of significant investment into the electronic division to enable it to capitalize the growing market and become a star. Strategic Recommendation Since the appliances division is in a position to generate more cash than the cost of running the division as intimately as the cost of investment requ ired protecting the market share, the additional cash can either be used to support the question marks (such as electronics department where significant investment is required to make it star) and make them star or it can be used for Research and Development of those products which may prove to have high growth potential for future.In case of electronic division, it is recommended that significant investments must be made with the aim of gaining some market share. If there is some untapped market, it is a bit easy, however, it the market is almost saturated and there is a need to grab share from competitors, it is a bit difficult. The investment can be made to add new features to the products to attract customers, launching aggressive marketing and sales campaigns etc. Reliability of BCG Matrix Nevertheless, it was used extensively by the companies in last quarter of the 20th century however it has certain critiques as well, which harms its reliability.One of the biggest critiques on the BCG matrix is on its assumption that higher market share means higher profit. It may not be the case. For example, there is a possibility that a company has lower market share (due to turning point marketing or due to high prices) but its prices are too high, so it leads to a higher profit, despite lower share. In that case, the BCG matrix wint impart a true picture. Moreover, the matrix ignores the market share growth rate. There may be some start-ups with low market share yet high market share growth rate.Such firms which may prove to be a potential danger (especially in Information Technology industry) are totally neglected by the BCG matrix. These findings suggest that though apparently it looks like appliances division is having a good time in the market while the electronic division is in trouble, however this conclusion should not be drawn unless, all other factors ignored by the BCG matrix, such as market share growth rate, duration of entry into the market, compet itors growth rate etc.Are revisited and the same situation is apparent from other tools like, Mc Kinsey and General Electric Matrix (that uses factors like industry attractiveness and business strength), SWOT Analysis for each product, porters five force analysis (to understand the environment in which the product is there) and above all the use of data mining tools etc. , (Bendel et al, 2006) using different variables than the one used by BCG Matrix.So BCG matrix can provide an idea, but final decision must be based on the conclusions from multiple tools, measurements, market situation, analysis and above all, management insight.BIBLIOGRAPHYBendle, N. , Farris, P. , Pfeifer, P. , & Reibstein, D. (2006).Marketing rhythmic pattern 50+ Metrics Every Executive Should Master. Upper Saddle River, NJ Wharton School Publishing. Haspeslagh, P. (1982).Portfolio planning Uses and limits. Harvard Business Review, 60(1), 58-73. Keller, K. , & Kotler, P. (2005).Marketing Management (12th Editio n) (Marketing Management). Alexandria, VA Prentice Hall.

Ethical Dilemma Essay

The situation at hand involves an ethical decision among deuce possible courses of action relating to the promotion of tobacco as a product in the market. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. is a corporation that earns huge amounts of money in selling tobacco and is concerned about keeping its profits despite the negative image now associated with tobacco. Therefore, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. hired Acme Global Advertising to once more aid the product in the market.Being recommended by the companys Director for Global Accounts as the new distributor point of the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. account, I am constrained to decide whether to accept the position or non. There is no doubt that this is a once in a lifetime career opportunity, as the last macrocosmager to handle the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. account had already retired after receiving a huge sum of money after his lucky campaign. Indeed, a successful promotional campaign would result in huge profit for both R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. and Acme Global Advertising, which would translate into big earnings for me.On the another(prenominal) hand, a simple refusal on my part would mean another eager person would immediately be taking my place and my big opportunity. The problem is not as simple as it looks, however. This is because the World Health Organization already declared tobacco as the second major cause of death in the world. Therefore, any effort on my side in promoting the consumption of tobacco would mean that I am personally exerting effort in favor of a product that causes death to millions of people arounf the world.It is clear, therefore, that the present situation presents an ethical dilemma that needs serious consideration. I have to make a decision between personal success and the health of innumerable people. In order to solve this dilemma, I turn to the philosophical writings of Aristotle in his work entitled Nicomachean Ethics, as well as utilitarian ethical philosophy as explained by well-kn own ethical philosophers John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham.Based on these ethical principles, I shall explain why it would be ethical for me to accept the argufy and exert my best effort in promoting the sales of tobacco products of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. this paper shall dispute the relevant principles characteristic of each theory, and then apply such principles to the facts of this particular scenario. In Aristotles Nicomachean Ethics, he expounded on the notion called virtue, which to him is that which determines the character or disposition of anything, be it a person or a specific thing (Ross).Virtue is that thing which makes a knife a good knife, and it is also that which makes a man a good person (Ross). Aristotle makes a distinction between two kinds of virtue, namely natural virtue and moral virtue (Kilcullen). For him, the former relates to characteristics that humanity possess from birth, such as a particular temperament (Kilcullen). On the other hand, the latt er kind of virtue refers to the act of submitting ones acts to evidence (Kilcullen). It is in the latter kind of virtue that habit, an essential part of Aristotles ethical philosophy, enters the scene (Kilcullen).Aristotle posits that moral virtue is developed through habituation, whereby the exercise of causal agent results in a specific course of action (Kilcullen). Applying Aristotles ethical philosophy based on virtue and habit, I conclude that accepting the challenge would determine my character as a person in general, and as a leader in an advertising firm in particular. Accepting a project such as the one in the case would help me develop habits that would hone my leadership and creative skills, which would increase my competence as a leader.The other ethical philosophy that supports my decision is utilitarianism, which is a notion that belongs to the normative ethics tradition. Since the late 18th- and 19th-century, utilitarianism had been in existence to attempt to answer the question, What ought a man to do? (West). Utilitarian philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill were the foremost believers in the school of thought, and their main thesis was that an action would only be considered morally right if it tends to stir happiness for the greatest number of people.This has been popularly known as the Greatest Happiness Principle. John Stuart Mill explained said ethical principle in 1863, when his published work entitled Utilitarianism came out. He explained, thus The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended entertainment, and the absence of pain by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure (Mill).It appears therefore, that utilitarianism attaches moral value, not on the motive behind mans actions, but on the effect that s uch action makes on people. Bentham and Mill faux that pleasure and pain are the basic motivations of man, such that he avoids pain and seeks pleasure (West). Applying this principle to my ethical dilemma, I deduce that accepting the project would promote the happiness of many people, namely, myself and the executives of the two corporations that would derive monetary benefits from the success of the project.The people who could be consuming tobacco would likewise find happiness in the approachability of a product that they enjoy having, albeit this happiness comes with the danger of disease or even death. Nevertheless, I leave such plectron to the holders of the lives concerned, namely, the consumers. It is, after all, ultimately their choice whether to remain healthy or otherwise. In sum, two ethical principles, namely Aristotelian and utilitarian ethics, support the decision to accept the position as head of the project and promote tobacco products.

Analyses of ‘Thank You M’am’ Essay

give thanks You Mam is a short stage which is written by Langston Hughes. The story takes place in the USA, in the street and in the woman house, where we meet Mrs Luella and Roger. In this article I am going to analyse this short story. At first I will summarise its plot, then I will discuss the main theme on it, and comment on the main characters and some literary devices. Thank You Mam is astir(predicate) a son called Roger and a large woman Mrs Luella Bates majuscule Jones. At eleven oclock at night, the boy tries to snatch the womans pocketbook. But as he grabs the purse behind, the strap brakes, he loses his balance and fall son his back on the sidewalk. Mrs Luella hardly turns and kicks him, while he lies down. She shakes roger and commands him to pick up her purse. After having a little talk with him, she decides to take him home to her house by dragging him. She gets him washed and fed. consequently he admits that he wants to steal money, so he could by a pair of blue suede shoes.Afterwards they have a conversation most her job. Right before Roger leaves, Mrs Luella gives him ten dollars. Roger wants to say something other than Thank you madam, while he tries to find the right words, she shut the door. The story stretches over a hardly a(prenominal) hours, and it is set in a big city in America, most likely New York according pictures information on p. 163 and the up-to-dateness dollars are mention too. I will also say that it is probably in the late 1950s or in the beginning of the 1960s, because this story is from a book which was published in 1963, the suede shoes indicate that it was at that period, since they were very popular then. In my view, the main them of the story is life lessons and mentors. The message is process others the way you want to be treated. In this story Mrs Luella Bates Washington Jones is a mentor she wants to teach and provides advice in a kind manner that he mess learn from his mistakes. She takes the role as his mother you aught o be my son.I will teach you right from wrong. They had something in common, she understands him and she actually admits to a stranger that she also did things when she was young, and she is not proud of I have done things, too, which I would never tell you, son-neither tell God, if he did not already go to sleep. The main characters, as we see, are Roger and Mrs Luella Bates Washington. On the first paragraph we get to know Roger, he is obviously not a very large or a strong man, nor very skilled in the art of stealing purses. This depicts his size and inexperience as a criminal. He lives along as we know, when he replays Mrs Luella that he gets nobody home. A dirty boy dressed in blue jeans and tennis shoes. An honest soul he answers Yes, when Mrs Luella asks him if he is going to run, and that he needs money to buy a pair of blue suede shoes. He wants to be trusted, when he sits away from the purse (p. 165 the second paragraph).Mrs Luella Bates Washington Jone s, we get closer her in the beginning of the story, especially in the first paragraph, when the author gives a description which makes her seems strong, confident and unafraid of the night, not only a large woman. She lives in a flat with other roomers, but we do not know about her family. She works late in a hotels beauty shop. Mrs Luella shows the compassion for the boy, she does not take him to the police, even though he attempts her purse. She is presented as an active and dominant character. The story is told by the third person, a person who observes and describes all things happen in the story. We know just what the protagonists say to each other, no ones thoughts are declared. The author uses non-standard English in the story to get it more living and more reliable.It is a kind of slang that Ameri houses use especially African American. In my point of view, the climax is in the shutting of the text, when Mrs Luella Bates gives Roger ten dollars. He simply shocks and gets ot her thoughts about her. He feels guilty for trying to steal her pocketbook, he apologizes Lady, I am sorry. She cares and feels sorry about him, although she does not know him. She leads him down the hall and opens the door for him, then she says God night, behave yourself, boy. In the end, I will simply say that this story is applicable nowadays, because some countries still have this problem. Some people steal to satisfy their needs only. So therefore this story is a good example to these people. It teaches how they can fulfil their wishes without stealing.

Response to the book ‘Flowers for Algernon’ Essay

The story of Flowers for Algernon is about a man named Charlie Gordon and his life as an intellectu altogethery disabled person. But his life changes when he undergoes an operation to increase his intelligence and become smarter than the average person. Once he becomes smart he starts to suck in things that he would not have when he was disabled.Even thou Charlie was intellectually disabled he still lived what he thought was a very near life. He had a ponder he had what he thought were friends there. Charlie also went to an adult education class where he enjoyed learning. He also had a comminuted little place of his own. However, because he is disabled he does miss out on numerous opportunities that many of us take for granted. So it seems he was alert an enjoyable life, therefore I neither feel sorry for him nor feel he was lucky.Charlies friends at the factory were not true friends. Most of them, peculiarly Joe Carp and Frank Reilly, made fun of Charlie at his expense. For ex ample, one time Frank and Joe took Charlie out for a couple of drinks, they got him drunk and made fun of him because of his job as a janitor. After that Frank and Joe ditched Charlie, he thought he was getting them a newspaper and a coffee, but they ran off. Even after all this Charlie still thought that Frank and Joe were his friends because he didnt understand that they were making fun of him.I believe that most people with intellectual disabilities are tempered fairly. Most are given nearly the same opportunities as normal people would get, eg go to school, get a job and even play sports on weekends. Furthermore most people these days are mature, and dont take advantage of any disabled people.The story really hasnt changed the elbow room I feel towards intellectually disabled people. If I hadnt grown up knowing one it may have. Disabled people should be handle the same and given the same opportunities as all other people because that is what they really want.

Childhood Memory Essay

I would define childhood as a never ending vacation, a rollercoaster ride that never clams exciting and entertaining, making life worth living. But childhood also has its memories that a person would remember when they grow up or probably when they are sharing with their kids about what they cherish the most or what made them realize how beautiful childhood actually was compared to being grown up. The memory that still makes me conceive about my decision and makes me wish that I could go back in time and reverse it, during my childhood I had a craze for riding bicycles with my friends. During cardinal sunny afternoon, I and my best friend George went for a ride in our neighborhood. Enjoying the lovely weather and scenery, we were following our usual routine for weekends which was to go around and reasonable talk and enjoy the time to noticeher, but one day something different happened.It was 4 in the correcting and it was getting a little cold distant so we decided to have a s mall race before we could head back home and watch some television. We decided our starting and finis points and after a long debate we decided whoever wins would get an extra pack of chips during the television time. So after we got to the starting point we both were ardent and ready to beat each other and finally we took off, George being the more fitter was in the lead from the start but I did not go against up. Teasing away and making fun of me George was certain to win the race when something very shocking happened. Without knowing George accidently ran on top of a small pup across the street and in doing so he fell down from his bicycle and looked badly injured. I could not help but to go for the sack because I wanted to win.As I got back to where George had fell and started laughing at him for loosing then suddenly I realized George was crying not because he was injured because the puppy badly wounded. I freaked out and had no idea what to do so we decided if we go and te ll someone we might get in a problem so we decided to run away to get back home. After we got home I was so scared to even tell my mom what caused George to fall and lied that he fell because of a stone that was on the road and we were not racing. I could not sleep and I decided to tell my mother what had actually happened. My mother was upset and she told me that instead of wanting to win just for an extra pack of chips I should have assay to save the puppy and also take care of George earlier. That night I learned my lesson that winning is not everything, sometimes loosing makes you a better winner.

Management and Wolfgang Keller Essay

1) Who is Wolfgang Keller? What atomic number 18 his key strengths and weaknesses?Wolfgang Keller is the Managing Director of Konigsbrau-TAK, which is the Ukranian subsidiary of a major premium beer brewer. Keller has previous realize in financi anyy turning around a German food product manufacturers two subsidiaries (relatively sm onlyer in scale than his certain organization). Kellers foremost strength is his ability to turn around an apparently difficult (for example, the economic turn-around of various subsidiaries) and at times apparent impossible situations (for instance, shutdown of a distributors lawsuit, collection of payment from a near-bankrupt distributor, etc.). He has been successful in managing an organization in a foreign coun canvas for which he has made efforts to learn the language and understand the business culture. He has a hands-on counseling style and likes to be actively involved in the available aspects of the business. He has the ability to build per sonal and, if needed, informal relationships with his ply and customers alike which has been instrumental in the better performance of his ships company.As Dr Haussler has indicated, many of Kellers weaknesses are the other side of his strengths. For example, his attempts at being hands-on can be perceived as over-interference by his sub-ordinates. Also, by crusadeing to manage situations by himself he makes himself open to criticism over his team-working and proper delegation abilities. Keller himself recognizes that he can be impatient and whitethorn non give enough time for his ideas to fall in the minds of others. Another of his weaknesses, again as highlighted by his manager, seems to be his less than cordial relationship with corporate staff and infrequency of reporting to the corporate plate and his line manager. This is also something that may be construed as a problem with Kellers working practices as a part of team.2) What important issues does Keller face? What are the most force per unit area problems he necessarily to address upon return to Athens?There are three important issues which Keller faces and they are as follows. First is to try and improve upon his shortcomings (as highlighted in his annual performance appraisal) vis--vis the corporate staff and his line manager. There have been questions raised ab fall out his personality and attitude which include his management style and his ability to work well in a team. This may not be the most pressing problem but it could turn out to be a hard one to improve upon. This is because it might require fundamental changes to how Keller is used to work with and manage his staff.Second, is the issue of his working relationship with Mr. Antonov. Keller has been in-charge of all operational activities with minimal involvement from Antonov in the general management of the subsidiary. This has been noticed by the senior management in Germany and Keller has been advised to try and keep Antonov in the loop more than he is currently. The management recognizes the importance of Antonovs maturity and experience of the local business and Keller has been asked to make such use of Antonov.Third, and this is the most pressing issue faced by Keller, is the apparent performance issue of Mr. Brodsky, the commercial director. Keller, over the course of two years of Brodsky being in the company, has noticed several(prenominal) issues with Brodskys performance. Keller feels that Brodsky is too slow to react to situations and he (Keller) has had to intervene many a times in order to prevent a potential chance to the company. According to Keller, Brodskys formal and distant style is not suited to his job as a commercial director and moreover does not form in well with Kellers current and coming(prenominal) commercial strategy of which an integral part is a close relationship with the companys distributors. Keller does not see Bordsky as a leader of his sales force and considers his manageme nt style as more suited to a corporate staff ground job than as a line manager.3) What would you recommend to Keller to improve his effectiveness and chances of success?I think, Kellers experience in relatively smaller company previously has influenced strongly his working and management style (as is hinted by his manager and accepted by himself). He tends to rely much on personal contacts with his staff and even his customers and probably dislikes corporate procedures (evident by his apparent errors in interpreting corporate policies) and standard reporting mechanisms (evident by his infrequent communication to his line management). This working for a smaller organization but in a larger, multi-billion dollar, company Keller must learn to respect the importance of formal and frequent communication both upwards to the senior management and encourage it from his direct reports. If Keller has to succeed and move further up he needs to develop this skill of taking monetary fund of a nd manage a situation when it may not be possible to be directly involved in that. This I believe is crucial for Keller.Keller needs to learn the art of suitable delegation. Keller can tend to micro-manage situations and thus encroach upon his subordinates job responsibilities. Keller has defended this approach by pointing out that he uses the same approach with all his managers and none have raised a flag except Brodsky. I think this is something that Keller must address he needs to delegate properly and thus build an atmosphere of long-lasting trust amongst his subordinates. His reports may only joke about it as of now (ref. the mock organization chart) but in future that may turn into something similar to whats happening with Brodsky. Keller needs to control his natural inclination to be too hands-on and must try to range back. A failure can teach a lesson more than constant lessons from a line manager. So depending on the situation it may be well-advised for Keller to allow his report take a decision which in Kellers opinion may not be the best one.About the current issues that Keller is set about with Brodsky, as Keller himself concedes, firing Brodsky may not be the best decision at this moment. Keller should try and find the middle path with Brodsky use his strengths and make his perceived weaknesses unimportant and make him feel free enough to manage his department. I think Keller should somehow try and get positive feedback from staff (maybe through a round of 360 degree feedback) to verify whether his analysis that Brodsky is not a charismatic leader is really true or unjustified.It could be that Brodskys staff may be too happy to have a leader who delegates rather than someone who is constantly involved in their day-to-day work. Keller, in the short term, should try to have an open mind about Brodskys abilities and try and involve him more in the setting of the overall commercial strategy of the company and let him have more freedom in managi ng his department. This would not only do well to his image as a team-worker but may also financial aid in improving relations with Brodsky. Further, if Brodskys performance still does not change, Keller might be able to form a stronger case of Brodskys removal from the company.

Sarah’s Key

Historical Fiction Sarahs Key The horror of the Holocaust is known by almost e reallyone in the world. We know of Hitler, the German army, however what tends to go un-noticed or forgotten are other countries implications. This is what Tatiana de Rosnays book Sarahs Key brings up through out(p) its pages. Utilizing a fictional character set in the historic time of 1942 during the round-ups of the Holocaust, the sympathizeer is able to get a better sense of the great amount of pain the cut Jewish mess of France faced.Including these historically based chapters that were woven within another interlinking plot helps the reader learn at the same pace as the books main(prenominal) character Julia. The reader begins to rely on Julia for emotional support when learning information of such a shocking historical moment. The book offers the reader a way to learn and remember a forgotten past. Tatiana de Rosnay alternates her story between the past and the present. In the present journalis t Julia Jarmond discovers the story of Sarah Starzynski, a young french Jewish girl, while researching for an article to cover the 60th anniversary of the roundup.She discovers that the flat she is about to move into with her family was once, sixty years ago, the home Sarah had been taken from during the roundup known as spring breeze. Julia becomes intrigued to the point of obsession with Sarahs story and wants to know every aspect of her life, and how it is that the French police were able to do such a horrific thing. Most of the population during the time of the war simply thought, Its the French police, no one will harm themnothing was in the written document No one seemed preoccupied. So we werent either (68).Julia later learns that her in-laws, who acquired the apartment after Sarahs family, knew a lot about the situation to that degree do not want to talk about it. Having the fictional life of a current woman greatly aids in having the reader relate to Sarah and the histori cal events it makes it seem more convincing to have someone like Julia who is researching the subject. Alongside Julia the reader learns more about the life of the Holocaust victims and just how implicated the French people and police were in having many Jews sent to Auschwitz.We also learn how implicated Julias in-laws were in Sarahs life, this also helps us get a sense of how the general civilians of time have learned to live with what their country had done. Tears began to trickle down his face This was no longer my arrogant father-in-law. This was somebody with a secret he had carried within him for years (157). Seeing these strong emotions strengthens the bond the reader has with these fictional characters that are reliving a very reliable historical event. It is virtually impossible to conceive the horror of 4,000 abused and murdered children.However, when we are introduced to a single victim and get to know her, we care very much indeed. The figures of deaths and brutalities are no longer just numbers, the reader feels the pain of Sarah realizing she could not go back and save her brother in the cupboard of her apartment Her fear was so great it seemed to engulf her she had promised her brother she would come back (23). Sarah is a fictionalized character that brings a whole rush of emotions to the setting of the story as well as the other characters in it.It makes those who read this story realize just how powerful a group of people can be, and how important it is to neer forget our past. It is quite amazing the number of French people who still dont know what happened (43). DeRosnay uses a sort of modification to a simple flashback by using two different main characters. This is different to many other historically based novels and makes her story that much more unique and challenging to read. Julia had become obsessed with the Vel dHiv children.And one child, in particular (199). It becomes easy for the reader to become wrapped up in Sarahs predic aments and Julias path to discovering them. To some readers the incorporation of Julias story does not bring a break from the dense material of Sarahs story. They rather find that her unserviceable life problems minimize the historical message apparent at the beginning of the novel. Julias personal life litters the plot with insecurities and marital problems that minimize the impact of the historical, yet still fictional story of Sarah.Sarahs fate and life that she later lives in America would have offered a different side to the story, without undermining her story or the goal of informing the readers of the French peoples mistakes during the war. Incorporating Julias life problems turns the focus away from the travesties of the war and leaves the reader questioning Julias fate and future rather than reflecting on the violent acts of the war. The reader could easily fall into a sense of pity for the injustice Julia faces being an American Just the sort of thing an American would d o.No paying attention for the past (266). The authors ultimate goal of this book is unclear, although it is most legitimately safe to say that having readers finish being more invested in Julias story was not her goal. The author mentions that she knew little of the Velodrome dHiver and the French roundups it was considered something of a taboo in her years at school. This book, which can easily be read in a class setting, offers a way to learn about history in a less conventional way. When doing research Julia realizes that many of the books were out of print. She wondered why Because no one cared anymore? (29). Thus although Julias life problems may seem insignificant when compared to Sarahs, her story still helps bring to light certain feelings students or any reader would feel when learning about this history for the first time. Readers can relate with Julias frustration of how little is known on the subject, they feel her sadness as well, which is comforting when faced with s uch a subject. Sarahs Key would not necessarily be classified as a historical novel. It does however offer historical knowledge evoked through fictional characters.This makes the information presented seem more relatable and accessible to a greater kind of people, rather than simply displaying the facts of the Holocaust. By including Julias story the reader is able to learn at her pace as she writes a piece for her job as a journalist. This is a very plausible situation and helps make Julias story all the more realistic, despite being a fictional story. Sarahs story is also deemed more relatable since it offers an emotional and personal look into a historical time that is often stated in numbers and facts.Getting to follow Sarah at such a young age brings insight to what children and families were feeling at this time of hysteria. Learning this information can be frustrating for readers since many people know little of the French polices implications in the roundups. This same frus tration is mirrored in Julia, and is another level that the reader is able to consociate with. The novel Sarahs key has proven itself to be a new sort of historical novel that informs and brings a new sense of connection to historical knowledge.

GIS Based Load Flow Study for Distribution Network at Sihora Township

This down the stairstaking persist pertains to GIS based load flow survey for scattering Network at Sihora township .com/aaimagestore/essays/1644095.001.pngChapter 1 IntroductionIn India, condition sector re realizes atomic number 18 afoot chiefly to repair efficiency and financial wellness in the sector and assorted SEBs have followed common form of reforms based on World Bank Supported Orissa theoretical account of ninetiess. Main nonsubjective cover under reforms be Unbundling of SEBs in to triad separate sectors of multiplication, Transmission &038 A Distribution and Corporatization of sectors. Added fiscal encouragement to the reforms procedure came in the signifier of Accelerated Power Development and Reform Program ( APDRP )and States involuntary to set ab divulge Distribution Reforms argon eligible to pull financess in this strategy.Distribution and Use of Power are 3rd and 4th subdivisions of Integrated Power Systems and are unluckily weakest links as compared to Generation and UHV/EHV Transmission of Power because of high proficient and commercial-grade losingss, overloading of Transformers and Feeders/Distributors and mass scale pilferage of power. Power Distribution nevertheless, assumes put to work of a gross gaining partitioning of power establishment. Therefore, the existent challenge of reforms in Power arena lies in efficient direction of Distribution and Utilization sections so that consumers get darling power quality.Power Sector Reforms initiated by Govt. of India, peculiarly in Distribution sector, are viewed as strong steps to better commercial and fiscal viability of this sector and the APDRP launched in the twelvemonth 2001 was launched chiefly to beef up Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Distribution Networks and decrease ofAverage Technical and Commercial Losses ( AT &038 A C Losses ) .Main aims of this plan screenConstitution of baseline disciplines.Renovation and modernisation of 33/11 &038 A 11/0.4 KV Sub-Stati ons. cliff of AT &038 A C losingssCommercial viability.Decrease of show upages &038 A breaks.Increase consumer satisfaction done beef uping &038 As up-gradation of Sub-Transmission &038 A Distribution web and by supplying good power quality.1.1 Application of geographical info System ( GIS ) in Distribution Systems.GIS is a computer- based arranging to assistance in the aggregation, care, storage, abbreviation, end product, and dispersal of spacial informations and information. Geographic information Systems ( GIS ) and Network Analysis are quickly progressing Fieldss in recent old ages and remain most important practise countries.G- Stands for geographic and it has something to arouse with geographics.I Stands for information i. vitamin E, geographic information.S- Stands for corpse. GIS is an incorporate strategy of geographics and information tied together.1.2ROLE OF GIS IN diffusion REFORMS.Distribution is a job country in any Electric Power Supply public utili ty in India chiefly because the Technical plus Commercial losingss are usuriously high, ( 50 55 % ) . GIS mess assist cut down losingss and better free energy efficiency through its part in the under summoned countries of Distribution reforms1. 100 % consumer metering and Automatic Meter Reading.2. Feeder &038 A Distribution Transformer metering Installation of inactive ( electronic ) metres on all 11 KV surpassing feeders and distribution transformers.3. Effective Myocardial infarction twain feeder and DT inactive metres record active energy, power factor and burden information which jackpot be downloaded to a computing machine web to construct effectual MIS for revivifyy decision-making.4. heartiness accounting Energy received in each 11 kV sub-station and 11 KV out-going feeders, energy billed and T &038 A D losingss at each feeder and DT chamberpot be decently accounted for.5. Installation of capacity Bankss &038 A web reconfiguration Installation of capacitances at 11 &038 A 400 Volt degrees, reconfiguration of feeder/ Distributors &038 A DTs in such a manner as to cut down the length feeders/distributors thereby cut downing Technical losingss.6. High Voltage Distribution System ( HVDS ) Installation of little energy efficient DTs providing power to 10 to 15 families merely, re-conductoring of overladen subdivisions, digital function of the full distribution system and burden flow surveies to beef up the distribution system.1.3 GIS aid in accomplishing the above aims through assorted employments1. Creation of consumer database and consumer indexing index of all LT &038 A HT consumers, so as to segregate consumers feeder-wise and DT-wise. The consumers are mapped utilizing GIS engineering and identified based on their alone electrical reference, called Consumer Index Number ( CIN ) .2. Function of Sub-transmission and galvanic Distribution Network It is every bit of import to hold all the 33 KV substations, 11 KV feeders, DTs and LT feed ers digitally mapped and geo-referenced.3. shoot down Flow Studies Having completed the aforesaid undertakings, burden and consumer pens buns be studied and illations drawn for rectifying instabilities in the web.4. Load Prediction GIS has proved itself an effectual tool in placing nonesuch location for proposed Sub-Stations, demand-side direction, Load prediction.1.4 CASE STUDYGIS has been used as a tool to transport out Consumer indexing and Load Flow Studies for Primary and Secondary distribution Network at Sihora township, near Jabalpur, under the Poorv Kshetra Vidyut Vitran Company ( MPPKVVCL ) and I was associated with this survey. Both these surveies were conducted at the same time. Basic aim was to update consumer informations and program procession in the Network and to make away with over-loading of transformers and feeders so as to accomplish an acceptable electromotive force profile i.e, to supply all L.T. &038 A H.T. Consumers electromotive force in the scope 6 % .Following stairss are cover in the instance survey Field work for placing assets or GPS Survey.Transportation of GPS Co-ordinates to Lat-Lon Co-ordinates utilizing iilwis package.Downloading of planet images utilizing Google creation pro.Alliance of spacial informations.Forming Database.Conducting Load Flow Study.Decision summarises the result of this survey.Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Review 1 Application of Geographic Information Systems and Global Positioning Systems in Human-centered Emergencies Lessons Learned, Programme Implications and Future Researchby Reinhard Kaiser Centers for Disease go CDC and Prevention ( CDC ) , Paul B. Spiegel CDC, Alden K. Henderson CDC, Michael L. Gerber CDC ( Published by Blackwell Publishing, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA ) .This paper discusses application of GIS &038 A GPS in human exigencies.2.2 Review 2International diary onNetwork Analysis in Geographic Information Science Review, Assessment, and Projections ( Cartography and Geographic Information Science, Vol. 34, No. 2, 2007, pp. 103-111 ) byKevin M. Curtin.This documents informs thatNetwork informations constructions were one of the earliest representations in geographic information systems ( GIS ) , and web analysis remains one of the most important and relentless research and application countries in geographic information scientific discipline.2.3 Review 3GIS AND NETWORK ANALYSIS( By Manfred M. Fischer division of Economic Geography &038 A Geoinformatics Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration Rossauer Lande 23/1 A-1090 Vienna, Austria ) . source has described that the information theoretical accounts and design issues which are specifically oriented to GIS-T, and identified several cash advances of the handed-down web informations theoretical account that are needed to back up advanced web analysis in a land transit context.2.4 Review 4 galvanising Network Mapping and Consumer I ndexing utilizing GIS( By S P S Raghav Chairman and Managing Director UPCL, Dehradun and Jayant K Sinha Dy General coach ( IT ) UPCL, Dehradun ) .This paper analyzes the present power scenario and the function of GIS in spearheading the Distribution reforms processes to better the power industrys viability.2.5 Review 5GIS Based Power Distribution System A Case Study For The Bhopal City( Dr. Tripta Thakur, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal ) .Asset function utilizing GPS and high declaration remote feeling images has been reported in this paper utilizing dismissal GIS 9.1software.Problem DefinitionThe East DISCOM, at Jabalpur identified few townships as pilot undertakings for system betterment where the bing distribution web were- haphazard, shabbily constructed and expanded in an unplanned mode. AT &038 A C losingss were extortionately high runing between 50-60 % . With this in position, the GPS based information was opted to make reliable informations base and transp ort out the burden flow survey for the web at 11kv degree to obtain electromotive force profile within the prescribed bound of 6 % and besides to place low electromotive force pockets.Aims of Thesis.Constitution of baseline informations.Renovation and modernisation of 33/11 &038 A 11/0.4 KV Sub-Stations.Decrease of AT &038 A C losingss.Improvement of Voltage Profiles.Commercial viability.Improved care Decrease of outages &038 A breaks.Increase consumer satisfaction by supplying good quality power supply.Chapter 3GEOGRAPHICAL place SYSTEM ( GPS )GPS FactsDeveloped by Department of Defence as a military navigational tool.Systems birth was in the early 1970s24 Satellites revolving at high heights ( 11,000 stat mis ) First Satellite launched in 1978Became to the full operational in April 1995Useful dark &038 A twenty-four hours rain or radianceUse of wireless moving ridgesAccuracy depends on unit, some are accurate to a centimeter.There are 3 orbits LEO ( long Earth orbit ) , MEO ( average Earth orbit ) and GEO ( geostationary Earth orbit ) . The GPS system is located in GEO orbit.3.1 Geographic placement system ( GPS )GPS is a world-wide radio-navigation system formed from a configuration of 24 orbiters and their land Stationss. It uses these semisynthetic stars as mention points to cipher places accurate to a affair of metres. These orbiters have truly accurate redstem storksbills on board. The orbiters continuously diffuse wireless signals towards Earth. These wireless signals are picked up by GPS receiving systemsFigure 1GPS receiving systems have become really economical, doing the engineering accessible to virtually everyone. GPS provides uninterrupted 3-dimensional positioning 24 hours a twenty-four hours to the military and civil users throughout the universe. These yearss GPS is happening its manner into autos, boats, planes, building equipment, farm machinery, even laptop computing machines. It has a large sum of applications in GIS info rmations aggregation, surveying, and function. GPS is progressively used for precise placement of geospatial informations and the aggregation of informations in the field.Figure 2Figure 33.2 GPS learn StationsThere are five control Stationss that monitor the orbiters. Control stations enable information on Earth to be transmitted to the orbiters ( updates and all right turn ) . Control Stationss continuously track orbiters, and update the places of each orbiter. Without control Stationss, the truth of the system would degrade in a affair of yearss.3.3 GPS Receivers GPS units are referred to as receivers . They receive information ( wireless signals ) from orbiters. The GPS receiving system is made of terce parts I ) Satellites revolving the Earth two ) control and monitoring Stationss on Earth and three ) GPS receiving systems owned by users. GPS satellites send signals from measureless which are picked up and identified by GPS receiving systems. Each GPS receiving system so provides three dimensional location ( latitude, longitude, and height ) along with curtail taken.3.4 Three sections of GPSThe Space sectionThe infinite section consists of 20 four orbiters circling the Earth at an height of 12,000 stat mis. High height allows the signals to cover a big country. The orbiters are arranged in their orbits such that a GPS receiving system on Earth can ever have a signal from at least four orbiters at any condition clip. Each orbiter transmits low wireless signals with a alone codification on different frequences. The GPS receiving system identifies the signals. The chief intent of these coded signals is to let for appraisal of travel clip from the orbiter to the GPS receiving system. The travel clip figure by the velocity of light peers the distance from the orbiter to the GPS receiving system. Since these are low power signals and wont travel through solid objects, it is of import to hold a clear position of the sky.The Control section The control s ection tracks the orbiters and so provides them with corrected orbital and clip information. The control section consists of four remote-controlled control Stationss and one maestro control station. The four remote-controlled Stationss receive informations from the orbiters and so direct that information to the maestro control station where it is corrected and sent back to the GPS orbiters.The User sectionThe user section consists of the users and their Global positioning system receiving systems. Number of users can hold entree at any irregular of clip.3.5 Working of GPSWhen a GPS receiving system is turned on, it foremost downloads orbit information of all the orbiters. This processes, the first clip, can take every bit long as 12.5 proceedingss, but one time this information is downloaded, it is stored in the receiving systems memory for future usage. Even though the GPS receiving system knows the precise location of the orbiters in infinite, it still ineluctably to cognize the distance from each orbiter it is having a signal from. That distance is calculated, by the receiving system, by multiplying the speed of the familial signal by the clip it takes the signal to make the receiving system. The receiving system already knows the speed, which is the velocity of a wireless moving ridge or 186,000 stat mis per second ( the velocity of visible light beam ) . To find the clip portion of the expression, the receiving system matches the orbiters transmitted codification to its ain codification, and by comparing them find how much(prenominal) it involve to detain its codification to fit the orbiters code. This delayed clip is multiplied by the velocity of visible radiation to acquire the distance. The GPS receiving systems clock is less accurate than the atomic clock in the orbiter, hence, each distance meter must be corrected to account for the GPS receiving systems internal clock mistake.Figure 33.6 GPS Terminology2D Positioning In footings of a GPS rece iving system, this means that the receiving system is merely able to lock on to three orbiters which merely allows for a two dimensional place hole. Without an height, there may be a monumental mistake in the horizontal co-ordinate.3D PlacementPosition computations in three dimensions. The GPS receiving system has locked on to 4 orbiters. This provides an height in a add-on to a horizontal co-ordinate, which means a much more accurate place hole.Real Time Differential GPS Real-time DGPS employs a 2nd, stationary GPS receiving system at a exactly measured topographic point ( normally established through tralatitious study methods ) . This receiving system corrects any mistakes found in the GPS signals, including atmospheric deformation, orbital anomalousnesss, Selective Availability ( when it existed ) , and otherwise mistakes. A DGPS station is able to make this because its computing machine already knows its precise location, and can abstemious find the sum of mistake provided by the GPS signals. DGPS corrects or reduces the effects ofOrbital mistakesAtmospheric deformationSelective HandinessSatellite clock mistakesReceiver clock mistakesDGPS can non rectify for GPS receiving system noise in the users receiving system, multipath intervention, and user errors. In order for DGPS to work decently, both the users receiving system and the DGPS station receiving system must be accessing the same orbiter signals at the same clip.Figure 4

Impacts of Total Productive Maintenance Essay

But there be any(prenominal) companies who have failed to gain advantage and some who are skeptic about its implementation. This leads us to know more(prenominal) about how TPM impacts different components of different organizations. This article focuses on some components such as over every last(predicate) intensity level and cultural impacts of TPM on an organization. It concludes in building and maintaining a supportive culture and how over all in all effective helps in gaining a competitive edge over a long period of time.Any organization pauperism to chase in world class competition must give customer satisfaction by providing reliable product or service on time at lower prize therefore others. One of the premises is that good maintenance and plant engineering process gives fundamental success in manufacturing (Hanson, 1995 Madu 2000). So the organization must reduce the unnecessary cost of time and material by diminution maintenance cost. And to reduce the maintenance co st is one of the reason to develop manufacturing technology like TPM (total racy maintenance).TPM is introduced by Seiici Nakajima in late 1970s in Japan, which made major influence over the stinting progress of Japanese manufacturers (Willmott, 1994). TPM is basically a program to improve maintenance effectiveness of equipment throughout its emotional state in the organization by the participation and motivation of all workforces from top management to the line employee from all department of an organization (Nakajima, 1988). The main goal of TPM to achieve maximum productivity with only limited investment in maintenance.This goal can be achieve by increase the overall equipment effectiveness(OEE) by diminution the losses, by improving existing maintenance system, by implementing autonomous maintenance and by increase a skill and motivation of operators from individual and group development (Willmott, 1994). And also by proper maintenance of equipment and facilities for outfl ank performance in order to reduce their life cycle cost. One of the properties of TPM is that production operators assist to affect the equipments when it is down and thus they share their effort in preventive maintenance and in turns improvement in process (Jostes & Helms. 994) In this term paper we focus on impacts of TPM. Many companies such Steelcase, Tennessee Eastman(Garwood, 1990), Nissan(Suzuki, 1993) adopted TPM are satisfied with the technique and find significant reduction in break down labor rates, helpless of production, setup cost and cost per maintenance unit(Koelsch, 1993). TPM helps to planned and controlled the maintenance expanse(Adair-Heely, 1989) and reduction in maintenance force. For moral a person who pays for preventive works are no more needed after implementing TPM, because TPM terns all activities of PM works to production forces.TPM gives opportunity to all individuals to express idea to improve the process and set about a more familiar with tools a nd techniques to solve the problems and this effect directly to the capability of organization. TPM also helps to maintain organic structure in quality of the product as well as reliability of product, the things that expect from the customer which interns helps to satiate the customer. The basic aims of TPM is to double productivity and eliminate the loses, to create bright, clean and pleasant factory, to empower people and facilities and, through them, the organization itself (Wireman, 1991).

Should the English Police Use Firearms

Should the slope patrol magnate carry and lend oneself fire offshoots? This essay explores the w every last(predicate) whether the English patrol carry and riding habit opuss? It is a debate that has been a focal point in the humankind, policing situation, giving medication and political arnas since the formation of the legal philosophy. The English law atomic number 18 well known for their un gird tactic of policing and ar notwithstanding a few law hugs worldwide that do so. It was this sit down of policing that Sir Robert Peel tried to distill from when he first formed the metropolitan Police back in 1829, which as England as a kingdom keeps to its customs.However, due to increase in gun crime and terrorist attacks it is perhaps maybe time that the English law of nature reap drive kept up with an ever sophisticated and gird criminal/terrorist. In this essay the main(prenominal) themes I anyow for focus on will be the background of the constabulary, B ritish types of policing, for and against fortify rejoinder and the level of gun crime in the UK. The term police derived from the Greek word politeia meaning government or enounce. Police refers to a favorable institution that most unexampled societies pay back to ensure social control.In advanced friendship thither is an ideological assumption that the police are a fundamental incision of social control and with let away them there would be chaos (Reiner 2000, p1), however not every society has existed with a formal police rend. The role of the police in its efforts for the control of crime and maintaining decree is one that has alterd done and through history and is an area of great debate in their effectiveness and the functions the police have in modern society.The police in modern society are called upon routinely to perform a wide vomit up of tasks from overt reassurance to terrorism and respond to emergencies, critical incidents and crises, m any(prenominal) with an element of social conflict (Grieve et al. 2007, p19). A raise run police organisation is a modern form of policing (Reiner 2000,p2), however policing is a different topic to that of the police. Understanding the function and role of the police requires consideration to the ideology of policing.The concept of policing can be defined as the function of maintaining social control in society (Reiner 2000, p3). Policing can be carried out by an array of people and techniques of which the modern idea of the police is one. The police as a specialised institution of social control are seen as a product of the division of labour in modern societies and can be distinguished from other types of policing by their ability to use legitimate issue.In modern democracy the police are both the symbolic front of the states authority and prudent for the protecting individual and collective freedoms (Neyroud & Beckley 2008, p21). In the UK policing is seen to be by consent rather than a sta te run military specimen, thus its success is dependent on exoteric co-operation and approval than fear (Grieve et. al 2007, p19). The English police depict is scarce a number of police strong suits in the world were firearms are not routinely carried by all officers.It has kept in accordance to when they were first formed in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel, afterwards the metropolitan Police Act was passed by parliament. Upon the forming of on Metropolitan police suck up (1829), Sir Robert Peels intention was that the polices role was for the prevention of crime. Efforts were made so that the clean police did not look identical soldiers, where Sir Robert Peel tried to avoid accusations of setting up a continental system of agents like the French model of policing.The police weaponry was limited to a woody truncheon, though cutlasses were available for emergencies and for patrolling dangerous beats and inspectors and above could carry pocket pistols (Emsley 1996, p26). The decisio n not to arm the Metropolitan Police in 1829 was intentional. The use of strength apply by the police was only to the termination necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and admonition is found to be insufficient.The fix was to convey civilian status (a citizen in uniform), distancing the police from the military. Sir Robert Peel in his model of the Metropolitan police implemented that the police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the humanity that gives earthly concern to the historic tradition that the police are the barlic and the public are the police the police beingness only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are officeholder on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence.The days of the local bobby on the beat and that of a civilian in clothing seemed to be a past time view of the police force by the 1960s. A new(a) sy stem of policing emerged, encouraged by the Home Office, which saw the number of officers on foot and put more(prenominal) into cars. This new system of policing was called unit beat patrol (UBP), together with ad hominem radios issued to all officers to enable quicker repartees and cover more area (Newburn 2008, p91). This new ystem of policing intended to improve policing and police-community relations, still it was seen to have the adverse effects. The UBP saw changes not only to the style of policing but also the image, as Chiball (1977) describe it The British bobby was recast as the tough, dashing, formidable (but still brave and honest) Crime-Buster (cited in Newburn 2008, p91). However, the most notably change was the model of policing, it had seemed that the original democratic model had been replaced by a military model of policing.A new edit of hard-liner policing of political and industrial conflict emerged as serious indisposition develop in England in the mid-se venties to eighties. New forces within the police force were developed, specially teached, readily mobile to cope with riots with the formation of The Metropolitan Police Special Patrol Group in 1965. This was a mobile reserve, developed with a paramilitary organisation role in renting with public order and terrorism (Reiner 2000, p67). All forces produced similar units which were trained in riot control and use of firearms.The military model of policing was ever present during the miners strikes of the 1980s, where the police now utilise centrally co-ordinated police operations and officers were now routinely using riot shields, helmets with visors and long batons in public disorders and riots. The use of force by the police had reached new levels as police used new maneuver to disperse and/or incapacitate protestors, outlined from the tactical Options Manual approved by the Home depositary in 1983 (Emsley 1996, p184).Plastic bullets and CS gas were more commonly deployed and even used in public disorder and riots with the showing of a police force more readily and willing to use excessive force against the public. However, it was common for complaints to be made regarding excessive force by the police but only to be dismissed due to the structure of the complaints system and the legitimacy issues in accountability of the police of use of force.It is lucid that the use of force by the police over time has increased and also changed as has the model of policing, tactics, technology and weaponry available to the police. However, what weapons are available to the police and how they use is a topic of public concern and much political controversy. The legal use of force, the Criminal Justice Act 1967 section 3, states the any person may use such force as is a reasonable in the spate for the lawful purposes. denomination 2 of the European Convention amends this provision to equire that the use of lethal force by police officers should be necessary and pro portionate (Newburn 2008, p468). With the emergence of guns more readily available and used by the police, it is only necessary that such overseeing bodies like The Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) are formed. open in 1942, the ACPO function is an independent professionally led body with the aim of centralising the development of policing strategies as a whole (Grieve 2007, p27).In the Manual of Guidance on the Management, Command and Deployment of Armed Officers (2010) the guidelines for using lethal force are as stated in Article 4 Law enforcement officials, in carrying out their duty, shall, as far as possible, apply nonviolent means before resorting to the use of firearms. They may use force and firearms only if other means remain ineffective or without any promise of achieving intended resultsArticle 5 states Exercise and restraint in such use and act in proportion to the unassumingness of the offence and legitimate objective achieved.Consequently, in the UK, polic e officers are presumption the discretion to determine if the untrusting poses a threat to the police officer or the public as PACE does not in truth define what is reasonable force. In the pursuit of these suspects, police officers are given the power to use deadly force through probable cause of harm. The courts decide whether the use of deadly force is justify or not and in some cases, police officers are charged because their use of deadly force is considered to be unjustifiable. Hence, there is a very thin line separating the justification of the use of deadly force from an act that is unjustified.The ethical and moral dilemma of police officers therefore rests not only on the regulations of their agency but on their analytical and ethical decision. In 2008/09, there were 6,868 authorised firearms officers within the police force which was made up of 136,365 (Home Office, 2010). This is a atomic minority of police officers who are trained and authorised to use firearms but w hen considering that the English police are seen as an unarmed force, these numbers are quite high. A debate of great concern for the public but also crime agencies and political arenas, is whether English police officers should carry and use firearms?The increasing use of guns by criminals and gun related deaths to both the public and English police officers has been a catalyst for supporters in the carrying and use of firearms by police officers. The 1960s was seen as the good turn point in the arming of police officers as in Shepards Bush, capital of the United Kingdom, three plain raiment police officers were shot dead (Newburn 2008, p473). This incident prompted the creation of the Metropolitan Polices D11 which trained officers on firearms. However, even with the creation and formulation of police armed response team ups such methods proved inadequate to deal with incidents like the Hungerford massacre.Michael Ryan became Britains first spree killer (Squires & Kennison 201 0 p77), when he killed 16 people. The Thames Valley Police Tactical Arms Firearms team was 40 miles away and took an hour and forty minutes to assemble this resulted in the debate about the effectiveness of having specific armed response teams and not a general armed police force that could deal with situations more effectively and quicker. In outlining the history of the UK police force Neyroud & Beckley (2008) argues that the baton-days prior 1980s was not enough to protect public safety against criminals.He cites the case of the Hungerford Shootings and the Thames Valley Police Force where an armed man killed two persons and injured one after a random shooting. The police force was to a great extent criticised because of the length of time it took for the police officers to respond to calls. The police was also criticised because the police use of firearms was largely focussed on protecting the safety of the officers and on preventing fatal shootings, instead of focusing on publ ic safety. Since then, the public expectations of the police and the use of force has been a dilemma for the UK police.Following the shootings, there was a call for more combative approach to enforcing the law. Is the use of deadly force justified? For the Thames Valley Police it is justified because it protects not only the police officers but also public security (Neyroud & Beckley, 2008, p253). tribute threats cannot be allowed in a society since they affect the confidence of the public on the police. In the terms of consequentialism, shooting a person who is out to massacre innocent is justified because the death of the criminal would mean sparing the lives of many others, restoring the peace and order needed by the society to properly function.The arming of police officers routinely could be considered a small step, as police officers are routinely armed already in a variety of situations, e. g. at airports and when providing security for political leaders or institutions. Al ready rapid-response units of armed officers are available to deal with armed criminals, but these need to be specially summoned and authorised which consumes time and lead to being ineffective in the situation. Armed police can be seen to reassure law-abiding citizens at a time when gun-related crime is increasing in most European countries and parts of North America.Much public opinion holds that something must be done to tackle this. People may feel safer when they see armed police, especially if they perceive them as a response to a heightened risk. Thus, for example, police officers at British airports and places government buildings routinely carry guns after recent terrorist attacks on England. Just as quickly as incidents brought about a feeling of optimistic by many of the carrying and use of firearms with deaths of police officers and public, it brought about incidents that gave the disapproval.Having armed police response may have its benefits when dealing with armed and dangerous criminals or terrorist threats however the problem faced by armed police officers is knowing how much of a threat that suspect really poses and if they are correctly identified as carrying firearms or even the correct suspect. A notably example of these problems faced by armed response police, was the Harry Stanley shooting in 1999. The police received a call that a man believed to be Irish was armed with a shotgun and an armed response team was dispatched to deal with the situation.Upon arriving at the pub the armed response team shouted to Mr Stanley and as he turned the officers took this action as an aim at them with the surmise gun and in response shot him dead. It was revealed that Harry Stewart was in fact carrying a wooden chair leg and posed no threat at all to police officers or the public. However, it was not only the wrongful killing of Harry Stuart that was scrutinised but the events of the incident told by the police officers as it did not match forensic ev idence (Squires & Kennison 2010, p172).A similar incident again highlighted the problems faced with armed police officers, the shooting of Jeans Charles de Menezes in 2005. Two weeks after the London bombings, Jean Charles de Menezes was followed by a surveillance team who had erroneousnessn him for Hussain Osman, a suspected failed suicide bomber from the previous day. As Jean Charles de Menezes boarded a train at Stockwell train station he was confronted by anti-terrorism officers who shot him seven times, certain that he was a suicide bomber (ODriscoll 2008, p341).Initially, a discernible reluctance to accuse the acting officers of any wrongdoing. On the contrary, there was a general acceptance that their actions were both defensible and consistent with Metropolitan Police procedures for dealing with suspected suicide bombers. Viewed in this light, the shooting of Menezes was an unfortunate mistake, but nothing more. The war on terror, it is claimed, presents a impertinent form of war that necessitates (and therefore legitimates) a robust engagement from the relevant security forces (ODriscoll 2008, p342).Yet this simple readiness overlooks the possibility that it was the very conditions of the war on terror that gave rise to the circumstances where such a mistake could occur. Police violence, according to Box (1983), tends to increase in proportion to the elites fear of disorder, and the more fearful the elite, the more likely they are to tolerate illegal violence against potentially dangerous groups (Belur 2010, p323). Thus, in societies with extremely unequal social structures, such as those in some Latin American countries, the point of the socially marginal is regarded with indifference by the state and the middle-class public alike.Even in strong democracies like the United Kingdom, Jefferson (1990) found that dehumanization and demonization of dissident and marginal groups seek to construct an authoritarian consensus among the powerful majority, which allows them and the government to authorize or condone certain coercive measures (cited Belur 2010, p324). For the debate whether English police officers should carry and use firearms, it is important to look at the statistics of gun crime in England as an trace on the severity of the problem for a justification.There has been a dramatic rise in the street conspiracy culture within the UK, characterised by illegal gun ownership and violence (Caddick & Porter 2011, p1). A new wave of gun crime has contributed to the so called gun culture that many of the UKs youths participate in, condescension a background of increasingly restrictive legislations and better policy responses. There were 53 fatal police shootings between 1990 and 2011 (Inquest 2011). The figures for fatal shootings might be deemed low, however the police in England have an internationalist reputation for being unarmed.Overall, there were 19,951 police operations in 2008/09 in which a firearm was authorised. The overall level of gun crime in England and Wales is very low less than 0. 5% of all recorded crime. In 2007/8 there were 9,865 offences in England and Wales in which firearms (excluding air weapons) were reportedly used, a 2% increase on the previous year. In 2007/8 there were 455 firearm offences in which there was a fatal or serious injury, 3% lower than in 2006/07. 6. 8% of all homicides committed during 2007/08 problematical the use of firearms, down from 7. 8% in 2006/07 (Home Office (2010).Sir Robert Peel back in 1829, formed the Metropolitan Police with the aim to convey civilian status (a citizen in uniform), distancing the police from the military. Sir Robert Peel in his model of the Metropolitan police implemented that the police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence.There have been a number of major changes to the police force as well as in technology and weaponry which is certainly a necessary reply to new problems faced by the police from criminals. However, there is a reason why as archean as 1829, English police officers have remained unarmed. Arming the police is an easy way of ignoring the fundamental failures of society. Guns are not a response to crime. What is actually needed is more effort in preventing crime through detective work and policing strategy rather than focussing on responding to it.Nor does arming the police offer a solution to fundamental socio-political issues which contribute to crime. Routinely arming the police is an uneven response to gun crime, as it will affect some sections of the community more than others. For example, as certain ethnic groups are often associated with particular types of criminality, police use of firearms will damage police credibility within communities which feel that they are the subject of too much police suspicion. Even if the police believe they are carrying weapons in self-defence, others will view it as an aggressive act.This is a big change, both culturally and practically. The large majority of policemen and women go through their whole career without handling firearms. Even with the special selection measures and intensive training given to the few firearms officers today, mistakes sometimes occur and innocent people are shot, either by mistake because the armed officers are acting on inaccurate information, or because they are bystanders caught in the cross-fire of a shoot-out. Arming all police officers would mean ditching the current stringent selection methods and inevitably result in less training being rovided, so mistakes would become much more common and more people would be weakened or killed. If the English police officer has managed to l ast from 1829 from its first formation without carrying and using firearms then it does not need them now. The current responses in place to terrorist and armed criminals in place are sufficient although not perfect by any means it would be a devastating blow for the people of England tradition and the effects costly. There are enough replacements to the use of firearms and those options should be explored. References Belur, J. (2010). Why do Police utilise Deadly Force?Explaining Police Encounters in Mumbai. British Journal pf Criminology. 50 (5), p320-341. Caddick, A & Porter, E. (2011). Exploring a model of professionalism in multiple perpetrator violent gun crime in the UK. Criminology & Criminal Justice. 1-22. Emsley, C (1996). The English Police A Political and Social History. Essex Pearson. Grieve, J et al. (2007). Policing. London Sage Publications Hallsworth, S & Silverstone, D. (2009). Thats life innit A British perspective on guns, crime and social order. Criminal & Cri minal Justice. 9 (3), p359-377. Leishman, F & Loveday, B & Savage, S (2000).Core Issue In Policing. second ed. Essex Pearson. Lutterbeck, D. (2004). Between Police and MilitaryThe New Security Agenda and the Rise of Gendarmeries. Cooperation and Conflict. 39 (45), p45-68. Malcolm, J (2002). Guns and Violence The English Experience. London Harvard University Press. McLaughlin, E (2007). The New Policing. London Sage Publications. Mitchell, L & Flin, R. (2007). Shooting Decisions by Police Firearms Officers. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making,. 1 (4), p375-390. Newburn, T (2008). Handbook of Policing. 2nd ed. Devon Willian Publishing. Newburn, T (2005).Policing Key Readings. Oxon Routledge. Neyroud, P and Beckley, A (2008). Policing, Ethics and Human Rights. 2nd ed. Devon Willian Publishing. ODriscoll, C. (2008). Fear and Trust The Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes and the War on Terror. Journal of International Studies. 36 (2), p339-360. Reiner, R (2000). The Poli tics of Policing. 3rd ed. Oxford Oxford University Press. Sharp, D. (2005). Who Needs Theories in Policing? An Introduction to a Special Issue on Policing. The Howard Journal. 44 (5), p449-459. Squires, P Kennison, P (2010). Shooting to Kill. Sussex Wiley Sons Ltd.

Globalization and the Asian Financial Crisis

globalization and the Asiatic Financial Crisis The Asian pecuniary crisis is a prime example of an economicalalal meltdown and it exemplifies the effects planetaryization has during times of widespread economic downturn. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, globalization is the consolidation of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), dandy flows, migration and the spread of technology. The global economy is sightly further inter-twined and therefore it is actually difficult to stop the effects of an economic crisis.The Asian fiscal crisis was a major economic crisis that spread throughout several Asian countries. The beginning of the Asian financial crisis offerful be traced back end to July 2, 1997, with many an another(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) believing the start of the crisis was triggered in Thailand (King 439). On this daylight, the Thai governing body floated their currency, the Thai Baht, a nd it also went to the worldwide M atomic number 53tary Fund (IMF) for technical assistance. One by one, southeastern United States Asian countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, sec Korea and Japan saw their economies crash in the wake of toilsome foreign investment.An economic boom had do the region an attractive investment proposition for investors for much of the 1990s. From 1990 to 1997, the mystical smashing flow to developing countries rose more than fivefold, from US $42 billion in 1990 to US $256 billion in 1997 (King 441). However, in the summer of 1997, the economic climate changed, on July 2, 1997, the Thai Baht reduce around 20% against the US Dollar (King 441). This was seen as the trigger for the crisis, as investors grew nervous, which led to disinvestments on the Baht, resulting into municipal production and development stalling.The reason why this was happening was because many corporations depended on foreign investment and when they arid up, the business es could not meet their debt repayments, leading to many firms folding across Asia. Within a week of that day in July, the Philippines and Malaysian political sciences were heavily intervening to defend their currencies. Soon otherwise East Asian countries became touch Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore and others to varying degrees. As global integration was spreading and growing rapidly, the markets were opening up and becoming more liberalized.This enabled these countries to get a huge influx of foreign capital. These countries were targeted by investors because they were classified as rising markets, meaning that they had rapid growth and industrialization (Hanieh 65). Hence, they seemed to be ideal for investors as they sought after postgraduate profits and yields. It must be emphasized that most of the inflows that came were for short term portfolio investment purposes. Private capital inflows coming into the emerging markets were $42 billion, which increased to a gigantic $256 billion in 1997 (Hanieh 70).Ironically, that peak was the aforesaid(prenominal) year as the markets crashed. As mentioned previously, most of the inflows were for portfolio purposes therefore, the stock markets were experiencing utmost booms and estate prices were also on the rise. approximately of the countries had their currency pegging loosely against the US clam in the run up to the crisis. The informal pegs to the US dollar promote capital inflows due to the large interest rate differential. This though, attracted problems as well, due to the predictable nominal grade, it encouraged unhedged external get.This asset boom continued to grow and the flow of credit continued to increase. This resulted into Japan, who was already distraint from their lost-decade, into depreciating their currency (Hanieh 74). As a result, this made their currency weaker and doing so, it made the exports of the South-Eastern countries uncompetitive. This was damaging to the rest of the countrie s to contain on a global scale. Most of the functions that these countries under bind are producing parts of a production that would be later assembled and comp permited in countries like Japan or China.As stated earlier, these tiger-economies operated in a fixed exchange rate system therefore, their central banks needed to keep enough reserves so that they could support the Baht at the fixed exchange rate. As the central banks ploughed money in to support their currency to maintain the exchange rate, business confidence was shattered and spread across other countries. The effect of this was further felt as their exports were much dearer since Japan devalued their currency. The knock-on effect was that foreign investors started to take their money out.Thailand was the major casualty of this and it quickly passed onto its neighbours thus, the start of the Asian financial crisis. The financial crisis heavily bear upon three main emerging economies in the global market Thailand, Ind onesia and South Korea (Hanieh 64). These were the hot-bed for foreign investors who sought high returns on their investments. As the fixed currency fell, the more the investors pulled out thus, worsening the currency further. The central banks seek in vain to hold the exchange order as the Thai government spent $23 billion buying the Baht to maintain to US dollar peg (King 440).Investors sank money into these economies without knowing the profuse extent of policies involved therefore, as the mounting hidden learning of the Thai economy came to surface, it resulted in many speculative attacks on the Thai Baht, which finally forced the central bank of Thailand to float the Baht as it was no longer able to defend the itself against the US Dollar. It can be argued that the uncertainty, which is the absence of quality information on which to base investment decisions had increased the investment risk. This resulted in a contagion effect to other Asian countries.Much of the instabili ty in the economy of Thailand was brought about by heavy short-term borrowing that required debt maintenance. The Thai government attempted to shore up shaky investor confidence by formally backing the financial institutions that were heavily indebted aboard. By October 27, 1997 the crisis had spread worldwide and had an impact on a global scale (Prakash 127). On that day, it provoked a substantial response from Wall Street with the Dow Jones go by 554. 26 points (or 7. 18%), its biggest point fall in history, causing stock exchange outicials to immobilize trading (Prakash 128).There are several thoughts as to why the Asian financial crisis occurred. One of the clearest problems that can be seen is that of their financial systems. It has been evident that because the sudden influx of capital flows, the financial systems were not capable of discourse the vast amounts. The weak financial systems led to poor investments and excessive risks. Negligent oversight of corporations cause d consequences in economic downturns that were not a concern in the mid-nineties boom. The macroeconomic policies of the South-East Asian countries made their economies defenceless to the uncertain confidence of their foreign investors.However, many economists argue that market overreaction and herding caused the plunge of exchange rates, asset prices and economic activity to be more severe than warranted by the initial weak economic conditions. Also, the deeper roots of the economic crisis went back to the early 1990s. passim the 1990s, growth in South-East Asia attracted huge capital flows. The key shortfall of Thailand had grown from 5. 7% in 1993 to 8. 5% in 1996 (Khan, Islam, Ahmed 177). This was worsened as the domestic production slowed as the account deficit represented an even greater percentage.Much of the instability in the Thailand economy was caused by heavy short term borrowing and as previously stated the government spent a lot of their reserves to maintain the exc hange rate. This created a false sense of security in simulation the economy was stable. However, this support of the highly leveraged private sector by the Thai government lent the port of stability towards an unstable system and attracted even more foreign loans. In February 1997, the Thai company Somprasong was otiose to make maintenance payments on its high directs of foreign debt.In the face of such instability, Finance One, the largest finance company in Thailand, failed at the end of May (Khan, Islam, Ahmed 182). Most of the lending by the company was made up of risky loans for real estate and stock market margin investment. This political instability resulted in the resignation of the Thai Finance Minister thus, worsening the situation. The speculative attacks on the Baht forced Thailand to let the currency float on July 2, 1997, a key date in the Asian financial crisis. As an after effect, the currency depreciated further devastated the Thai economy.This forced the Thai government to call on the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for economic help. In August 1997, Thailand was the first country to seek help and the IMF clear a loan for $3. 9 billion (Glassman 126). However, the IMF gave stipulations that the government had to follow. These were maintaining a level of government reserves, increasing the VAT, government cuts and a reorganisation of the financial sector. As the Baht declined sharply, a second bail-out was approved. Indonesia and South Korea also approached the IMF for financial assistance.Another key element that caused the crisis was that in a lot of East Asian countries the capital account was liberalized for inward and outward flows for foreign investors however, domestic investors could not invest aboard and this meant they could not diversify their risks. Throughout these countries, financial institutions were inadequate. They had poor prudential management of currency risks, credit evaluation and public financial reporting. mo ve up global credit and liquidity fed vast amounts of capital to badly regulated institutions. Those had limited foil and poor due diligence from foreign lenders.The poor macroeconomic policies failed to manage these problems and left the countries vulnerable to shocks in many ways. Firstly, widening current account deficits, financed by short-term debt, exposed the economies to sudden reversals in capital flows. Secondly, weaknesses in the under-regulated financial sector fuelled risky lending. A further problem with exacerbated the crisis was the tendency for the government to throw in and bail out floundering companies. These guarantees put further pressure on the global market as the level of debt kept escalating.Together with the depreciating of the currency meant foreign debt proved to be too much of a burden. A further domino effect was evident between the economies. As the currency of the country depreciated, this had a negative effect on the competitiveness of other count ries. Therefore, as the Thai Baht was tumbling, their goods became competitive and had a negative effect on other currencies, such as the Rupiah of Indonesia and the Ringgit of Malaysia (Glassman 129). After the Baht was put on the floating exchange rate, the economy of Thailand started to recover and was able to alleviate their debt earlier than they thought in 2003 (King 459).South Korea did manage to recuperate despite its weak financial system. However, Indonesia was especially hurt by firms going relegate and the devaluation of the Rupiah made it harder for them to recover. Monetary and Fiscal policies were tightened as countries fought to cope with the financial panic. The countries also raised interest rates in order to attract foreign currency and increase the price of domestic assets. On the other hand, higher rates meant higher repayments and many could not survive their debts. Following the Asian financial crisis, Russia, Mexico and genus Argentina all suffered economic collapses (King 61). Another factor that is thought to be one of the reasons for the crisis, the Asian currencies appreciated to levels that were too high leading to a crash in the markets. The IMF gave these countries support during these times and in return they cute the countries to follow three key elements large official financing packages, structural reforms, and macroeconomic policies that intended to paying back the crisis itself (King 463). Structural reforms were seen as the root causes of the crisis. They intervened to shore up institutions and more greatly, improved the financial supervision and decree.Thus, reduction the likelihood of a crisis reoccurring. Other structures were also altered to help the economies in the long run they fortify competition laws and increased transparency. This would help reduce eradicate corruption. Macro policies were harder to implement due to the turbulent market conditions though, after some initial hesitations, nominal and real i nterest rates fell to pre-crisis levels. However, Indonesias policies steered them off course for a while before it was brought under control in late 1998 (King 464).The Asian financial crisis raised certain important subject fields that need to be taken into account for the international financial system. It is very important to prevent a crisis from occurring in the first place, because the short term flow of capital can be moved within seconds therefore, prevention is the best sought achievement/target. Transparency is also important to crisis prevention. At the height of the Asian financial crisis, some unpleasant information was revealed, in particular, on the weaknesses of central banks international reserve positions.The IMF pointed this out as an integral part as closer monitoring of the finance sector could give alerts to any such problems in the future. Another issue that needed to be canvas after the crisis was that of capital controls. As the countries liberalized the capital accounts, they left many short falls in the regulation of them. Tighter restriction and closer monitoring of the capital flows would have helped the financial institutions to keep greater control. An additional issue that should be noted is what policies the governments used and which ones seemed to be successful in such a crisis.Looking back at the Asian financial crisis, it seems that monetary policy worked. A period of high interest rates and the market pressures eased and interest rates soon fell below pre-crisis levels. In theory, if monetary policies were employ earlier, it might have contrasted the spread of the crisis. However, the higher interest rates meant that debt repayments were higher and led to widespread insolvencies. These macroeconomic policies are crucial as they can be implemented to the changing economic conditions. The Asian financial crisis has brought a new way of thinking in the world of global finance.There are lessons that were harshly learnt by a few countries however, the overall effect was a global one. In the contemporary world, one country does not stand by itself, global integration has meant that countries are connected and interlinked. Therefore, as we witnessed from the Asian financial crisis, the end result of poor management of financial institutions can have a forceful impact on the world economy. In the current climate, we are facing a global recession, an expect drop in world trade, all this as a result of a credit boom.The government and regulators must learn from the Asian financial crisis and hopefully they will be able to contain the current economic crisis. Works Cited Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press 2010. Web. 18 March 2011. McNally, David. Another World is Possible Globalization & Anti-Capitalism. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Arbeiter Ring Publishing. Print. Adam Hanieh. Forum of Hierarchies of a Global Market The South and the Economic Crisis. Studies in political Economy pile 83. (2009) 61 81. Print. Michael R. King. Who Triggered the Asian Financial Crisis? Review of International Political Economy record 8. Issue 3 (2001) 438 466. Print. Aseem Prakash. The East Asian Crisis and the Globalization Discourse. Review of International Political Economy Volume 8. Issue 1 (2001) 119 146. Print. Saleheen Khan, Faridul Islam, Syed Ahmed. The Asian Crisis An Economic Analysis of the Causes. The Journal of Developing Areas Volume 39. Issue 1 (2005) 169 190. Print. Jim Glassman. Economic Crisis in Asia The Case of Thailand. Economic Geography Volume 77. Issue 2 (2001) 122 147. Print.