Motivating Business Students to the Entrepreneurial Sector

actuate Business Students to the Entrepreneurial SectorAn Empirical Study on Factors Motivating Business Students to Move to the Entrepreneurial SectorAbstract. This exploratory study is attempts to examine how employable individuals turn their focus to start-ups. Today, studyity of employees still practise a much or little(prenominal) self-protective strategy. In this paper we would report on the results of an empirical study of factors motivating classd potential employees to move to self enterprising. The deciding factors to bend an entrepreneur and of sustainable employment-oriented factors to be analyzed in order to discover how they differ. Participants consisted of 200 students from Malaysia entered final year of business undergraduate and postgraduate programs. Self-administered questionnaires were used to gather info on factors and types of relationships influencing vocation choice and entrepreneurial intention. The results of the analysis go forth serve as a basis for the maturatement of employment practices designed to support start-ups in adopting sustainable business practices.1. IntroductionToday, employees still act in accordance with employers legal obligations and try not to attract special attention from local indie business owners. This papers of import aim is to take a fresh look into graduates expectation on the factors motivating employees when needing switching jobs if employed and to identify the train of affair as they commence and develop entrepreneurial ventures. The study principally examined why employees decide to become entrepreneurs, therefore, s tied(p) main issues associated with graduates enterprises as they completed, operated and grew their businesses, these being elect following a process of brainstorming with a pilot group of graduate entrepreneurs.2. Review of Literature2.1. OverviewA tot up of researchers have attempted to consider factors such as gender, grade point average, duration and field of study and entrepreneurial family background as important factors affecting students perception and attitudes towards the prospect of naked as a jaybird own business formation, and some of these factors clearly enhance or inhabit such tendency (Oakey, Mukhtar and Kipling, 2002). However, Cooper, Woo, and Dunkelberg (1989) suggested that the dissimilar objectives identified by other researchers green goddess be reduced to three factors challenge, wealth and autonomy. Using cluster analysis Woo, Cooper, and Dunkelberg (1991) identified two types of entrepreneurs depending upon their purposes at the time of commencing the business firstly self-regulating who placed mettlesome priority on not having to work for others, and secondly, company-men. who builds the organization.2.2. MotivationGeneration of start up ideas have been explored by a number of researchers. Opportunity recognition is babelike on whether the entrepreneur was extrinsically stimulated. A leading entrepreneurship text h as recognised the important implications for entrepreneurs who need to be creative in their thinking and of the concept that creativity can be learned or enhanced (Timmons Spinelli, 2008). The three types of opportunities identification to the field of entrepreneurship as established by Sarasvathy, Dew, Velamuri, and Venkataraman (2003) argon recognized, discovered and created. There are various motives to start a new venture. According to Amit, McCrimmon, Zietsma and Oesch (2001), money is important but not necessarily most important. They argue that some of the key non-monetary motives for starting up a business take on the wish to be independent and the combination of work and household responsibilities. These start-up motives may have important consequences for the degree of (over)optimism that characterizes (promising) entrepreneurs. For example, if an entrepreneur is generally driven by wealth creation, it may be expected that (s)he is more likely to be disappointed if the turnover in the first year is comparatively low. If the entrepreneur is driven by the wish to be independent, (s)he may be unpleasantly surprised by the strong reliance upon a limited number of clients or the bank. If the primary start-up motive is exploiting a perceived opportunity, the entrepreneur may be faced with other people who came up with the same idea or possibly an overestimated market demand for the (new) product.Gilad and Levine (1986), agreed in their analysis on intrinsic and extrinsic that there are discrimination between start-up motives. Intrinsic motives include the desire for independence and combining work with care for family members. Entrepreneurs who are driven by such motives will probably be little inclined to entrap unrealistically high pecuniary goals. Extrinsic motives include two categories pull and push factors. An opportunity of perceived profit is an important pull factor of entrepreneurship, firearm (the threat of) unemployment is a well-known pu sh factor. Regarding the exploitation of opportunities, Hayward, Shepherd and Griffin(2006) argue that overoptimistic founders will commit too many resources to the opportunities that are the bases of their ventures. If entrepreneurs are blinded by their own ideas and fail to adequately assess the competition and the (potential) problems to transform the opportunity into a profitable venture, over optimism is around the corner.The creation of a new organization, however, is contingent on(p) upon the belief that self-employment promises more expected utility than either employment within an existing organization or unemployment (Douglas Shepherd, 2000 Van Praag Cramer, 2001).3. MethodologyGartner (1989) proposed that a common point of accumulation of studies into the pretendors of entrepreneurial intentions is the failure of investigators to choose samples that are (1) comprised solely of people who are serious about entrepreneurship and (2) who are in the process of making the decision to become involved in creating a new business.Krueger, Reilly and Carsrud (2000) find that studies comprising samples of upper-division college students can uncover job-related pick outences at a time when respondents are struggling with important career decisions. Therefore, it is agreeable and appropriate to investigate entrepreneurial intent utilizing a sample of upper-class college students. (Brice and Nelson, 2008), it is important to note that the population of interest in their study consists of individuals who perceive that they will become entrepreneurs and not necessarily only those who will actually become entrepreneurs. This difference is significant because while actions has been demonstrated to be predicted by intentions. Therefore, the focus of this research remains at the entrepreneurial intentions level of analysis.The sample chosen consists of postgraduate and undergraduate business degree program students who were nearing graduation. When students conte mplate graduation, they may also develop immediate career plans and long-range goals. The respondents are those from the business disciplines because, based on their discipline interest, they have already decided to pursue business-related careers. For that reason, a homogeneous consume of university college students was included in this study.In this study, we follow the method tested by Brice and Nelson. This study sample consisted of 200 students from University Colleges in Malaysia who participated utilizing a structured questionnaire data order of battle methodology. Subjects consisted of final (3rd) year business undergraduates and final year Master of Business Administration (MBA) students in the concentrations of management.They were appropriate primarily because their academic concentration implied that they had serious interest in pursuing a business career. The main themes covered by the survey questions include firm and owner characteristics interest to start-up motiva tion to switch jobs career preferred timing and industry medium for seeking employment desire and likelihood of rewards and opportunity criteria of choosing employers. The two researchers contacted students directly via targeted groups of respondents list originating from the Faculty of their academic major program.Five questions adapted from Chen, Greene, and Crick (1998) was used to assess start up intentions. Responses were gathered on a 5-point Likert scale and total scale score was obtained by averaging the five questions. Brice and Nelson have reported a Cronbachs alpha of 0.92 for this scale, which implies strong reliability. Information pertaining to each respondents age, gender, and class was obtained to use as view variables in the analysis. Each of these control variables was recorded as non-continuous, categorical predictors.4. Analysis and ResultsOnce all the related information from the respondents was entirely obtained, the students motives leading to start-up were a nalyzed. From the mean of all motivation constructs, it could be argued that the main motive for start-up is the need for achievement (average judge = 14.3), followed by economic reasons (mean value = 12.89) and the need for independence (average value = 12.89). In order to establish instrument reliability, Cronbachs coefficient alpha was computed. The reliability coefficient was 0.71 which indicates that the instrument was reliable in its measurement of determinants for start ups. Data reduction technique is used to unfold the information embedded in our data. possibility 1 Intention for independent business start-ups is higher than tie ining established firmsAfter elimination of subjects with survey questionnaires were only partially completed, the final sample totalled 196 students. As shown in Table 2, this sample was equally represented between the genders, consisting of 107 (54.6%) males and 89 (45.4%) females. Subjects were primarily graduating undergraduate business studen ts (65.8%) and graduating postgraduate students (34.2%). In fact, there were 129 bachelor degree students who aged below 25 years than MBA students who aged 26 and above. The majority of subjects were expecting salary between RM5001- RM15000 (56.2%) which is not in accordance or earnable with employment even in established firms.Since the mean, median and mode values are very close to each other, it shows the data is symmetrical. The mean for the 196 students is 2.08 with a standard deviation of 1.088. The emasculated mean value of 2.01 is similar to the mean above. Hence, shows there are no outliers in the data set. In this survey, since the sample size is 196, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used. The p-value of the test is less than 0.001. Hence, the data is not distributed normal.Of the 196 students, 77 (39.3%) very enthusiastic towards start-ups, 52 (26.5%) eager to start-up, 46 (23.5%) open to any opportunity, and 16 (8.2%) to consider start-up option. Out of total, 5 (2.6%) p refer employment.Since the correlation value is within 0.5 to 0.8, start-up intention among degree students is said to correlate adequately with at least(prenominal) one other variables in the construct. In this survey, the KMO value is 0.819, which is considered good.Bartletts test of sphericity is used to analyse whether the correlation matrix is an identity matrix. Identity matrix can be ruled out if the p-value of the test is less than 0.05 (Karuthan and Krishna, 2009). In this model, since the p-value is less than 0.001, the researcher proceeds with factor analysis.Since the researcher wanted to study the underlying construct among the half dozen variables Curiosity, Interest, Consideration, Preparation, Setting Up and Start-up Timing. This is a sensation underlying concept therefore, it is called the Start-up Intent Structure. Since the Start-up Intent Structure varies from person to person, it is a variable too. However, it cannot be measured by physical marrow. Hence, it is called a possible variable or just factor. The model for Start-up Intent Structure is given in Figure 4.In Figure 4, one can visualize six simultaneous regression functions Curiosity, Interest, Consideration, Preparation, Setting Up and Start-up Timing as the dependents and Start-up Intent Structure as the independent.In the table above, since there are 6 variables in this analysis, 6 components (or factors) are listed in the first column. The respective eigen values and percent of version explained are provided in the next two columns. For Factor 1, the eigen value is 3.109 and the variance is 51.811% of the total variance. For factor 3, 4,5 and 6 the eigen value is less than the default value of 1. In the same table, under Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings, only two factors are listed, corresponding to the factors for which the eigen values is more than 1. Based on the cumulative % column, these factors explain 68.792% of the total variance in the 6 original variables. Acc ording to Karuthan and Krishna, (2009) established that, in social sciences, at least 50% of the total variance in the variables in analysis must be explained by the factor of factors. In this survey, a single factor extracted explains more than 50% of the total variance in the original variables.Hypothesis 2 Motivations to switch job if employed in established firms associated with independent business start-upsWe use multivariate data analysis to recognize the association between different motivation variables. The analysis has shown the variables in a diffuse plot and quantifying the strength of association using correlation analysis. An association is established, both empirically and theoretically, therefore we pursued to obtain a regression model. This model, used to predict the value on entrepreneurial intention (outcome), given the values on the motivations to switch job if employed variables (predictors).Table 6, the p-value for the Levenes test for equality of variance is 0.000, which is less than 0.05. Thus, equality of variances is not assumed.Table 7 depicts that the F-value is 3.933 and the degrees of freedoms are 7 and 188. The p-value of the test is 0.000, which is less than 0.05 and the eta-squared value of 0.128, which is less than 0.15,hence, at least one pair of means differ significantly. Therefore there is a need to identify the pair that differs significantly. In this case, the researcher has performed posthoc tests.Based on Kruskal Wallis Test, the p-value of this test is 0.000, which is less than 0.05. Thus, at least one reason differs in terms of motivation towards self-employment rather employment. Based on Kruskal Wallis Test (Table 5) for the mean ranks, obviously, the degreed students are looking for a more contend career in terms of expanded scope of work, more responsibilities and change in career path rank much higher compared to the students who looking to join a more established and stable organisations.On the other hand, 8 2.20% students feel that they need to escape from unfavourable office environment such as not happy with peers, bosses, office politics and etc. Based on Table 3.1, this supports students interest, whereby 97.4 cumulative percent and mean rank shown in table below of opportunity of considering the new business start-up.

Role Of Civil Society In Combating Terrorism

Role Of genteel Society In Combating Terrorism1. The stalemate of terrorist act has al ways been a menace to kind-hearteds of this orbit in one form or the other, radiating from number of ca utilises such as insensitive religious emotions, sectarian divergences, disparity of power among leftist and rightist schools of thought, collectivism vs. capitalism, exploitation of the ignorant and deprived ones and lust for acquisition of resources entailing in invasions and so on However, this problem emerged as a flash point after a sad incident of 9/11 which drew attention of world towarf beds uprooting this cancer by taking certain look for measures. Military solution, when crucial, plays its roles to some extent besides cannot integraly figure out the intricacies of terrorist act without taking all the communities and nation onboard. This not only educates masses about issues in war against terror plainly plays a key role in boosting morale of forces on frontlines. These get hold of included the introduction of anti-terror laws changes in reporting requirements for gracious familiarity organizations and the increasing procedure of new b prescribe security technologies. In many countries, the impact of these measures on civil society and on citizens has been a source of great concern. The meaning of involving civil society in a wide-ranging and multidimensional response to the threat of act of terrorism has been stressed by mixed international platforms.2. Civil society covers a vast range of societal groups, interests, re introduceations, inbuilt tensions and conflicts. It is very much obvious by a series of mean associations together with biased parties, skilled unions and change bodies, classified fundamentals, learned and research foundations, pious, strong believers, and community-based societies, social and environmental groups. An energetic civil society can show a strategic role in countering extremist ideologies, sectarian / social violen ce in the society.3. Civil society can promote the voice of diverse social groups and causes, which endow with a thoroughf ar of expression for the unimportant and can encourage an atmosphere of patience and pluralism. As a field of fact, civil societies can alike play a important role in expression local support for counterterrorism through education, entrancing government presidencys to adopt a pragmatic response that respects human rights, manage execution of counterterrorism procedures, considering and broadcasting abuses committed in the name of fighting terrorism, backing and support to sufferers, sponsoring the significance of harmony and safety, and providing capacity-building training. This paper leave alone address this aspect of countering the terrorism to see where and how civil society comes into action for countering terrorism.AIM4. To carry out an in-depth study of civil societys role in addressing terrorism, so as to identify the shortcomings hampering its skill with the view to enable a way forward in short and long term perspectives to touch on it an effective tool for combating terrorism.SCOPE5. The paper will focus on following-a. To briefly highlight various terrorism facets for drawing their relevancy and genesis form civil societys standpoint.b. To ponder upon the all-important(a)s that the civil society can perform in developing its profile for handling terrorism.c. To highlight the limitations that handicaps our civil societys efficacy in playing its due role in addressing terrorism.d. To capture home an affect based approach focusing on immediate and long term actions to uplift our societys role against terrorism both(prenominal) in cognitive and practical domains.PART IDEFINING TERRORISM AND COUNTER TERRORISM6. The word Terrorism is very much renowned and perilous to the globular world. The fresh world has made a number of counter measures to face this menace. Before defining the role of civil society in combating te rrorism and extremism effectively we mustiness understand first about terrorism, its genesis types and causes. Since, solution to any problem will prevail only by knowing its basis and objectives.7. What is Terrorism.1Terrorism is not new, and tied(p) though it has been used since the beginning of recorded history it can be relatively hard to define. Terrorism has been described variously as both a evasive action and strategy a crime and a holy duty a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Obviously, a push-down store depends on whose point of view is cosmos represented. Terrorism has often been an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict. As an asymmetric form of conflict, it confers dogmatic power with many of the advantages of phalanx force at a fraction of the cost. callable to the secretive nature and small size of terrorist organizations, they often offer opponents no distinct organization to defend against or to deter.8. There is n o universally accepted exposition exists for the meaning of word terrorism, however several interpreters surrender counted much than one hundred different definitions.2The privation of an agreed definition allows those in power to interpret the term for their own purposes. Political leaders often dispense advantage of the terms ambiguity to label their opponents terrorists. However, there are certain definitions related to terrorism exist in the world with different connotation to its operation used by different countries are as-a. United States Department of Defense. It defines terrorism as the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally governmental, religious, or ideological. in spite of appearance this definition, there are three key elements violence, fear, and intimidation and severally element produces terror in its victims .b. Federal Bureau of Investigation (United State). States that, Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of governmental or social objectives.c. United State Department of State. It defines terrorism to be premeditated politically-motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to find out an audience.d. United Nations. United Nation produced this definition in 1992 An anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group or evoke actors, for idiosyncratic, culpable or political primers, whereby in contrast to assassination the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. The most(prenominal) commonly accepted academic definition starts with the U.N. definition quoted above, and adds two sentences totalin g another(prenominal) words on the end containing such verbose concepts as message generators and violence based communication processes. Less special(prenominal) and considerably less verbose.e. British Government. The British government definition of 1974 isthe use of violence for political ends, and includes any use of violence for the purpose of putting the public, or any section of the public, in fear.9. Types of Terrorism. Being complex in definition, there is besides difference in opinion among the academics over the types of terrorism. However,3Encyclopedia of Britannica describes the following types of terrorism-a. Revolutionary Terrorism. It is very common type and is aimed to achieve certain political goals. Practitioners of this type of terrorism seek the complete abolition of a political agreement and its replacement with new structures. Modern instances of such activity include campaigns by the Italian Red Brigades, the German Red Faction (Baader Meinhof Gang), the Basque separatist group etc, each of which blasted to topple a national regime.b. Sub Revolutionary Terrorism. A least common and is used not to bring down an existing chip inment provided to transform the existing socio-political arrangement. Since this modification is often accomplished through the threats of deposing the existing regime, sub revolutionary groups are somewhat more difficult to identify. An manikin can be seen in the African National Congress (ANC) and its campaign to end apartheid in South Africa.c. Establishment Terrorism. During cold war, Soviet Union on with its allies ostensibly engaged in widespread support of international terrorism and United States supported rebel groups in Africa that allegedly engaged in acts of terrorism, such as the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) in 1988s.d. Nationalist Terrorism. It is aimed to establish separate state for certain religious, ethnic or tribal groups. It has been popular among the most flourishing at winning international sympathy and acknowledgment. Being so called freedom fighters, they use violence to draw attention of the world to gain sympathy for their national agenda. Movement run by Irish republican Army in UK (IRA) and heaven liberation organization (PLO) in Palestine are some lawsuits from the past. However, it is fascinating truth that both groups renounced terrorism in 1990s and adopted the political means of conflict resolution.e. Religious Terrorism. It is growing quickly and discussed widely on the international media. Religious terrorists seek to use violence to further what they see as divinely commanded purposes, often targeting broad categories of foes in an attempt to bring about wide changes in the system.f. State-Sponsored Terrorism. State uses secreted groups to contain anti state or anti government rudiments in the country and is normally accomplished by autocratic to restrain the political opponents. They are more capable, professional and energetic than other groups because of having moral, political and logistic support of the government or state.g. Inter-State or International Terrorism. This type witnessed events of uprising and terrorism between two big powers in the guise of cold war. Although USSR and USA never confronted directly but no one can deny proxy wars of these two powers in different parts of the world. Palestine is very clear example of the international terrorism where America supported Israel and USSR was giving backup to Al Fateh a militant arm of Palestinian liberation organization (PLO).h. Group Terrorism. It occurs on the formation of various groups for common objectives in the society. Such groups are based on sectarian, linguistic, ethnic and tribal bases. When these groups plough for the establishment of the supremacy and superiority for their own agenda it in conclusion causes tension and clash with opponent groups. For example, Catholic and protestant conflict in Ireland, b lack whi te tension in US and South Africa etc.10. Causes of Terrorism. To counter the menace of terrorism, it is essential to know and identify causes of terrorism. Terrorism being a multifaceted phenomenon has several reasons such as social, economic, religious and political etc. This spherical phenomenon has various causes and some of them are being spelled out briefly for the better understanding of the issue. This is as well notable that the causes of terrorism may be different in various societies due to its religious, ethnic and political nature.a. Helplessness and Hopelessness. Helplessness which leads to hopelessness is the psychological state that enhances terrorism in the society. The society in which people are ignored and have to experience from socio economic and political unfairness, provide favorable milieu to promote terrorism like long outstanding disputes of Palestine and Kashmir. Similarly, in communist regimes where the people were not given their socio-political righ ts they brought about even poisonous rebellion.b. Political and Economic Deprivation. When political and economic rights of certain groups are not given(p) it chooses the suitable method of terrorism to show their anger. For example in northern states of India such as Assam, Nagaland, and West Bengal the communists started guerilla war against the Indian Government being economically and politically deprived.c. Influence of Communist Regimes. At the end of cold war the influence of communist regimes inspired by Marxist and Leninist theories made a cause of escalation of terrorism in the world. Being influenced by such regimes many freedom movements adopted violence. Like Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka communists and Tamales who started violent movements in the last two decades of 20th century for their freedom.d. Poverty and Economic Exploitation. Illiteracy, hunger and economic disparity etc always attract terrorism in the society. Famous philosopher Aristotle claimed that Poverty i s mother of Terrorism and Revolution. Daniel Pipes also says that As long as there is indigence, disparity, unfairness and suppressive political systems, radical tendencies will grow in the world.e. Easy Access to Weapons and Modern Technology. Due to incredible advancement in weapons technology and human knowledge it has become easy for the terrorists to get them easily. Hugh quantity of culture about the arms manufacturing has been spread by internet which has made the access of the terrorists easy and they use weapons to get quick results the act of terrorism.f. Sheer Success of Terrorism. Terrorism is a short cut tactic for the terrorists to achieve their goals quickly. It is more result orientated rather than peaceful movement. That is why the terrorist groups adopt this for getting more results in shorter time. Easy access to weapons and widespread randomness of the arms technology is the cause of escalation of terrorism in modern times.g. Lack of Democracy and Dictatorship . Lack of Democracy is the main cause of terrorism in present times. The dictators and autocrat governments frighten opponents. They do it to create the fear among the masses to suppress any opposition against their governments. In undemocratic circumstances the people do not find ways to express their disagreement and as a result some of them turn to the violent means to submit their expression. We can see in many autocrat and communist states in Latin America and Africa the massive force was used against the political opponents such as in Cuba Zambia and Congo etc.h. Religious Extremism. There is a school of thought which considers that the religious extremism is the major cause of terrorism. Mark Juergensmeyer says that The religion is crucial for these acts since it gives moral justifications for the killing and provides images of cosmic war that allows activists to believe that they are waging spiritual scenarios. It does not mean that the religion causes terrorism but it does mean that the religion often provides symbols that make possible bloodshed even catastrophic acts of terrorism. As evidence we can observe that the majority of the terrorist movements are inspired by the religion or at-least it is claimed.11. recurrence Terrorism. Counter terrorism is also a contested concept. The term embodies a wide range of measures with differing impacts, which can be loosely characterized as the beneficial, the bad, and the ugly. In the bad and ugly categories are Counter Terrorism Measures (CTMs) that overemphasize security and distort training and aid priorities, and that lead to extrajudicial killings, greater state repression, and increased human rights abuse. Overly restrictive counterterrorism measures bound the social, political, and operational capacity of civil society actors and impede the work of groups promoting improvements in governance, human rights, and development. These are all important elements for reducing conditions, such as political marginalization, repression, and despair that can fuel grievances and lead to expressions of political violence. On the positive side are cooperative nonmilitary measures that enhance the capacity of governments to thwart terrorist attacks magical spell promoting and protecting human rights. Also in the good category are policies that encourage support for sustainable development and good governance.12. The proposed categorization is figurative and not meant to suggest absolute judgments about particular policies. The range of counterterrorism measures is extremely wide, and specific policies can have differing impacts in varying conditions and settings. Strengthened law enforcement efforts are good when they prevent attacks and bring perpetrators to justice, but these same measures can be bad if they lead to abuses and increased repression. Efforts to prevent the financing of terrorism are positive, yet programs intended to interdict such keep often have negative implications for nongovernmental groups and charities seeking to overcome oppression. The evaluation of particular counterterrorism measures depends greatly on context and the way in which specific actors implement policies. Judgments about particular policies should be based on the degree to which they contribute to genuine security and democratic governance, while also upholding the feel of law and protecting the work of peace builders and human rights defenders.13. Counterterrorism measures are usually weighted toward the executive branch of government, with little attention to enhancing judicial independence, legislative oversight, and citizen involvement. mite measures passed in the name of fighting terrorism have had the effect of undermining civil liberties, restricting the ability of civil society groups to operate, and impeding development and relief activities in marginalized communities. Repressive CTMs have reversed progress achieved in recent years toward the integration of human rig hts and accountable governance into development policy. Individual rights and political freedoms have eroded as states have accumulated greater security powers. The nongovernmental monitoring organization Freedom House has reported an alarming erosion of global political freedom in recent years. In its 2010 annual survey the organization noted intensified repression against human rights defenders and civic activists and reported declines for political freedom in countries representing 20 percent of the worlds total polities. The last few years have witnessed the longest continuous period of decline for global freedom in the organizations most 40-year history of publishing annual ratings.4In 2011 Freedom House noted a further decline in political freedom and a lessening in the number of countries defined as politically free. The report highlighted the continued poor performance of countries of the Middle East and North Africa, although this trend may be partially reversed if the de mocratic revolutions in Egypt, Tunisia, and other countries produce freer societies and more representative governments.PART IIESSENTIAL ROLE OF urbane SOCIETY14. Civil society can play a significant role in helping states increase awareness of the threat and the impact of an attack on local communities, and in deepening public support for government action to address it, which is an essential component of any effective long-term strategy. Terrorism is obviously the state of extreme in human conflict that occurs when the violence enters in the matter. The terrorism is the result of failure in conflict resolution which can occur anywhere in the world. It is the crucial social problem of the society as well. The generally classified and unified roles of civil society in order to preventing and reducing of terrorism are as follows-a. Counseling and preparational Role.b. Community run.c. Sponsorship and Research.d. Legal Facets.Counseling and Educational Role15. Civil society organ izations can play a momentous counseling and educational role. They can provide policy opinions and proficiency on features of preventing terrorism that is often not obtainable in spite of appearance government. Similarly, civil society experts may provide alternative appropriate language and terminology to public officials in addressing issues related to terrorism and security keeping in view its importance. In order to reinforce co-operation with governments, civil society should also find it appropriate to acknowledge positive travel or measures taken by law enforcement officials and government where they occur. In addition, they may have a positive counseling role in providing tangible substitutes to counter-terrorism policies and measures that they consider to be ill-conceived. It is important to identify and give relevant information to the government in order to understand the real extent of the threat and to be able to provide adequate suggestions of a response5.16. As for as educational role is concerned, it is very much important for civil society to make clear that human rights are a useful structure for upgrade useful counter-terrorism strategies rather than an impediment. several(prenominal) of the specific activities on this account may include providing information to school students as well as to youth workers and patrol and law enforcement officials. With regard to the latter, civil society may enter into partnerships with law enforcement bodies to develop targeted programs of co-operation, focusing, for instance, on increasing awareness and understanding of the diversity of communities.Community Services17. It is almost self-evident that civil society institutions can also perform valuable community functions. They have an important role to play as catalysts for the development of opinions and ideas that is vital for building strong and vibrant communities. By creating safe spaces for dissent and by providing a forum where experiences ca n be shared on a personal level, civil society institutions may contribute to healing community rifts and tensions. They may also consider engaging in outreach activities and taking proactive steps to address the root causes of terrorism. Activities of particular value in this regard are those that strengthen human rights and the rule of law. The promotion and protection of these pillars of democracy contribute to building strong societies in which citizens are free to participate in the political process and exercise their rights. Providing practical and effective support to defenders of human rights is therefore also essential.18. Another issue which may warrant further examination is the question of whether civil society should attempt to engage in dialogue with individuals and groups involved in and perpetrating acts of violence and terrorism. For various reasons, it is easier for civil society to engage in such dialogue than for governments. However, a human rights-based approa ch is essential in this regard. This includes a clear indication that dialogue does not imply affording any form of legitimacy to the perpetrators of violence. The positive experience of the peace process in Northern Ireland is one example that may provide valuable lessons.Sponsorship and Research19. Civil society may play a meaningful advocacy and research role. As a matter of principle, it is important that they condemn all acts of violence against civilians regardless of the motivation behind those acts. With regard to positive measures in the area of advocacy, they may consider writing abrupt letters and statements to armed groups condemning terrorist tactics and maintaining a principled approach to the applicability of human rights standards, i.e. that these standards apply to both perpetrators and victims of violence. There may be a role for civil society in reducing the emotional and psychological impact of terrorism. In particular, they may engage in activities that aim to amplify the voices of the victims of terrorism and of persons affected by unlawful counter-terrorism operations.20. Other aspects of an effective advocacy role include the issue of engaging with the media to shape the public discourse around terrorism. It is essential for civil society to establish a constructive relationship with the media and the entertainment industry in order to provide reliable information, challenge negative or unbalanced portrayals of parts of the community, and initiate public debate on issues of public security and human rights. At the same time, it is important to encourage debate within the media profession on the image that is conveyed of minority groups in connection with the fight against terrorism and to alert them of their the responsibility to avoid perpetuating prejudices, stereotypes, or inaccurate and/or uncompleted information.21. Moreover, civil society may contribute high value studies in the field of terrorism, political aggression and for c ircumstances favorable to the increase of terrorism. High spirit studies and research is very important as it reports to helpful and convincing encouragement and prevention efforts. High-quality research may comprise conducting studies and surveys on the impact of counterterrorism measures and on the mixed question of the issues that make persons pledge to radical ideas and engage themselves in acts of aggression. Equally, keeping in view the importance of increase in statistical and monitoring work civil society can also connect with government in an open and facts-based discussion about the efficacy of counter-terrorism procedures.Legal Facets22. Finally, there is yet another and important role that civil society has to play is levelheaded facets related to terrorism in the society. Their work on legal issues related to terrorism and counter-terrorism continues to make a significant input to amplification international and national legal frameworks for counter-terrorism activit ies, particularly for the promotion and protection of human rights and the rule of law. There is a study to expand the work of civil society institutions to answer technical questions relating to the definition of terrorism the scope of application of domestic, bilateral, and multilateral laws, treaties, and other instruments dealing with terrorism the responsibility of perpetrators and redress for victims of terrorist acts and of unlawful counter-terrorism practices, in respect of both domestic and international law educating decision makers about the nature and extent of complexity among different legal frameworks, including international humanitarian law, international human rights law, and domestic criminal and civil law and translating complicated legal arguments for wider public mobilization.PART IIILIMITATIONS ON CIVIL SOCIETY23. The role of civil society in eradicating terrorism is magnanimous but there are many interrelated factors that restrict its freedom of action. So me of these restrictions are discussed as under-a. Political Space and Measures Restricting Civil Society. Despite the contributions they are capable of making, civil society groups in many countries lack the capacity, resources, and expertise to engage on counterterrorism issues, while in others, because of lack of political space and measures restricting civil society, civil societies simply do not have the freedom to engage. This ability of civil society to engage is largely tied to basic standards of freedom of information, freedom of association, and freedom to seek funding, which states have an obligation to ensure.b. Counterterrorism as Exclusively Government Responsibility. The inclination of some governments to view counterterrorism as exclusively a government responsibility and the related over-sensitivity on the part of security forces and their tendency to consider everything relating to terrorism as top secret has significantly limited the information flow to civil soc iety, olibanum inhibiting their ability to gain a full picture of the threats facing and vulnerabilities.c. Counterterrorism a Crack Down Tool on Civil Society and Political Opposition. In some instances, counterterrorism has been used as a pretense to crack down on civil society and political opposition. A number of successive governments in our country have adopted too expansive counterterrorism legislation and used it to clamp down on freedom of association, speech, and assembly. The lack of a common definition of terrorism consistent with international human rights standards has made it easier for governments to act this way. More common are subtle forms of state interference including overly restrictive or arbitrarily-applied regulations and restrictions on civil society.d. Lack of Education and Awareness. The civil societies of the developing and under developed countries are yet to shape themselves to become a resilient part in the power circles of the countries. The main r eason for that is the lack of education and awareness of these societies. Since, education is a basic ingredient to generate awareness and sense of responsibility in each person thus its scarcity in masses brings dormancy in the thought processing character of a society. This fact is practically advocated once we peep through the most developed societies of the modern world which have a high literacy rate.e. Lack of Freedom of Expression. Terrorism most often rises and flourishes in the societies which are either standpat(prenominal) or do not allow the freedom of expression to the masses. This makes the civil society reluctant of speaking freely since they always fear the Government. Thus lack of freedom of speech and expression plays a major role in limiting the role of civil society in tackling the menace of terrorism.f. Securitizing Aid. The recent global focus on counterterrorism and multilateral counterinsurgency operations has accelerated a trend toward using aid and develop ment funding for security-related purposes. This approach subordinates traditional goals of mitigating poverty to the agenda of counterterrorism and defeating insurgency. It blurs the analytic boundaries between security and development while politicizing both and detracting from efforts to improve the lives of most disadvantaged communities. The process works in two ways firstly, a growing proportion of aid funding is channeled directly through military institutions and secondly, development programs are increasingly implemented in support of military operations, thus depriving a larger portion of the society potentially prone to acts of terrorism owing to abject poverty and hunger. The percentage of US aid funding allocated through the Pentagon has increased in recent years from 3.5% in 1998 to approximately 25% ten years later.6Major recipients of US development assistance are countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan who are central to security and counter terrorism objectives. In countries like Pakistan where foreign assistance is provided, police forces are highly repressive and unaccountable. attention provided to such forces in the absence of needed structural reforms may simply reinforce repressive tendencies and undermine civil society efforts to defend human rights and establish democratic oversight. Aid provided through a security lens overlooks the plight of most marginalized populations.

Role Of Technology In Business

Role Of Technology In BusinessIn todays competitive product line environment, speed is the key for entirely the business processes. A business process would be inefficient and ineffective without the aid of current breeding technology. Today, information technology provides communication and analytical power that organizations need for global level business. Globalization of world economies has enhanced the values of information to business organisations and has brought success and new opportunities to the business. each(prenominal) types of business have to compete with their competitors for capturing majority of the market and for innovating better products and services. For this reason, they need to adapt to the technology to handle information systems. Because, being the first to award a new product in the market leaves a significant mark to the industry and forget give a competitive edge. This advantage is not accomplishable without information systems and technology in business. In addition to this, for improved node service, easy information retrievals, quick preparation of financial transaction, easy building of strategic alliances etc., IT plays a major role in business.Importance of IT in businessAlmost all kinds of businesses are relying on computers for automating their traditional processes. Businesses use wide figure of databases, management information systems, information sharing platforms, data sharing networks, internet, intranets, machines, and equipments etc which highly rely on computers. Computer technologies are not only when used in the field of finance or marketing, but also in the medical industry, human resource departments, inventory get the hang management systems etc.For example, in a manufacturing firm, all transactions done in a warehouse is loaded in a transaction processing system. If the system is not around it will take a lot of time and also manpower to record all the raw materials coming out of the warehouse for use in the output signal floor which delays production and shipping of parts. The lead time from ordering to producing and shipping the product will be a long which customers will not understand. velocity is very important to be competitive.IT and competitive AdvantageThe current challenge of implementing IT-dependent strategic initiatives like business process reengineering, customer intimacy, organizational learning, and even organizational transformations makes an IT capability very valuable in meeting business. In addition, the underlying resources, or IT management assets, can be difficult for competitors to imitate. Thus an IT capability has the potentiality for delivering long-term competitive advantage.The U.S. trucking industry was deregulated in 1980. Schneider National, Inc., is a large truckload carrier. The top management recognized that IT support of trading operations would be critical for maximise utilization of its tractors and trailers. Schneider quickly deve loped freight modelling software and provided a management interface to the data that enabled the firm to offer more reliable customer service with a lower cost base than most competitors. Schneider National is successful because it has developed a capability for applying IT to ever-changing business opportunities. (Ross, Beath et al. 1996)Impact of IT in businessEffective implementation of information technology would decrease liability by reduce the cost of expected failures and increase flexibility by reducing the cost of adjustment. culture Technology is having impact on all trade industries and businesses, in service as well as in manufacturing. It is affecting workers at all levels of organizations, from the executives to middle management and clerks. Information technology is increasingly becoming a basic factor of all types of technologies such as craft, engineering, routine, and non-routine. The advances in Information Technology would result in remarkable decline in the costs of synchronization that would lead to new, concentrated business structures. It enables the business to respond to the new and pressing competitive forces by providing effective management of interdependence.Decision MakingEnterprises would need effective information systems to support and to deliver information to the different users. Such information systems would include technology that support decision making, provide effective interface between users and computer technology and provide information for the managers on the day-to-day operations of the enterprises. Information is needed for various purposes and serves as an invaluable commodity or product. Information is very important aspect of decision making in all levels of management in enterprises Hicks, 1993648, especially in competitive business environment and managers utilize information as a resource to plan, organize, staff administer and control activities in ways that achieve the enterprises objectives. The abi lity of enterprises to realize their goals depends on how well the organisation acquires, interprets, synthesises, evaluate and understands information and how well its information channels supports organisational processes.Information shoveIn the near future businesses would be facing a lack and a redundancy of information called information glut. To solve the information-glut companies will need to introduce methods for selective thinning out of information. Improvements in telecommunications will make it easier to control business units dispersed over different parts of the world. Advances in telecommunications, would result in increased distance-communication. Indirect communication would be preferred for well-structured information for routine, pre-programmed and decision processes. (King, 2006) Therefore, information technology plays a major role in the growth of business.decisivenessThe effect of information technology on business advantages is likely to be durable since fle xible IT build backbone of the firms for communication and exchange of information. Not only IT infrastructure enhances the competitiveness of the firms by increasing the coordination within and across the organizations, but also it can be an integral component of the business strategy (Henderson and Venkatraman, 1993 Laudon and Laudon, 2000). Thus, a flexible IT infrastructure may not only be important for driving business growth but also it could be a particle accelerator for innovation. Moreover, IT is important to improve operational efficiency and strategic advantages by reducing costs, improving agility, managing change, and maximizing performance (Henderson and Venkatraman, 1993).

Chinese Culture Essay -- Cultural Identity Essays

Throughout Chinasencased history it has developed much otherwise thanwestern parts of the world. Chinese culture varies greatlycompared to ours. These great differences between easternculture and western culture make China a genuinely interestingplace. Some of the vast differences include literature, socialstructure, and government. The greatest difference isChinese philosophy and way of thinking. China hasdeveloped a strict brass of tradition that has given Chinagreat advantages and disadvantages. This is shown inChinese literature. Tradition in China is a set of unwrittenlaws. This is why China cancelled its eyes from the outsideworld and looked in. China found everything it needed inTradition (4). The strong traditions and customs playprobably the greatest factor in the life of a Chinese per tidings.This strict philosophy influences marriage, children, family,and duty in life. Marriage is much different and has differentlevels of companionship. One man may flummox many wives and or concubines. The status of these wives and concubinesare very important. The lower you are on the husbands listthe lower you were treated (1). When in a marriage if youwere having children a son would be most desirable for youto have. You would be thought better of if you produced ason. This shows the male dominance in Chinese culture.Once a son was born the expectations for him were great.He was supposed to learn all great literature and be veryscholarly (2). A girl, also was supp...

Market Research Essay -- essays research papers fc

1. IntroductionAn increasing amount of attention is being paying(a) in the literature to business Guanxi or relationship in Asia particularly in the business dominated economies of the Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and the Peoples Republic of China. Chinese business relationships and contracts that needs to be understood and worked within to successfully conduct business and management in most countries in the region. However, the attention is directed to the contrasting perspective on the importance of guanxi to business practices and possible impacts of the guanxi on western firms success in China. In order for western firms to enter China commercialize, they receive to confront with complex and constantly changing ethical percepts in China (Wu, 1999) and different types of guanxi not only exist but also can be harnessed in an ethical fashion to create wealth (Leung et al., 1999). Dates back to the mid 1980s, Motorolas presence operates the largest owned subsidiary in China and had travel their country from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. The Motorola has invested in China for a decade and is so far the largest foreign investor in China. Therefore, guanxi has an impact on Motorola to be an established company in China compared to their competitors, Siemens and Nokia. The limitation on this research is addressed. The continuous development and changes in market condition in China is of a certain period of time. This is because it needs to be adapted to fit the prevailing situation at that time. More over, interview academic term is difficult to conduct as the research is on Motorola-China and therefore it is heavily rely on secondary sources. 2. Guanxis implications to practices In recent decades, there direct been several fundamental concerns for western companies in China. For the Motorola, they learn how to manage a socialist workplace culture in which employees depend on their state-run employers for housing, food transfer of traini ng and other necessities. The managers also have to baffle by guanxi, the vulnerable Chinese practice of developing and nurturing intricate networks of personal relationship. Nevertheless, priority is sometimes given to them over bottom-line performance. As China is admission to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2001, it has reduced tariffs and business prospects are likely to grow even more prom... ...stern.Fabtech. (2004, frame in 19). visible(prenominal) HTTPwww.fabtech.org/industry.news/008/21.01.shtmlForbes. (2004, expose 19). Available HTTPwww.forbes.com/home/newswire/2003/07/03/rtr1018223.htmlKahal, S. E. (2001). Busines in Asia Pasific. United States Oxford University Press Inc.Noble, C. (1997). Asia Pacific Business. Australia Charles Stuart UniversityPeoples Daily. (2004, March 13). Available HTTPwww.fpeng.peopledaily.com.cn/200011/05/eng20001105_54382.htmlPeoples Daily. (2004, March 15). Available HTTPwww.fpeng.peopledaily.com.cn/200111/08/eng20011108_84118.shtmlR ecommendations For Western Firms While Operating in China. (2004, February 29)Available HTTP bigtp.com/inf_3.htmlSpotlight China Factory for the World. (2004, March 19). Available HTTPwww.bizsites.com/spotlight/china.htmlTestimony of Christopher B. Galvin. (2004, March 13). Available HTTPwww.finance.senate.gov/2-23galv.htmWorkforce. (2004, March 15). Available HTTPwww.workforce.com/section/09/feature/23/56/96

The Development of the Torpedo during World War I :: Torpedoes Torpedo Research Papers

The Development of the Torpedo during World War IThe year is 1942, and German U-boats are wreaking havoc on assort channelping to Britain the vital lifeline which allows the island nation to survive. Unchallenged, they sink hundreds of the merchant vessels which carry the desperately needed food, arms, and other equipment that is necessary for Britains survival. They are silent and deadly unseen until it is too late. With a loud deafening blast, a torpedo impacts the center of a ship, breaking its back. The other ships try to run, as their crews search for the unseen attacker by the glow of the ship slipping under the water to her final resting place. Cries of terror pierce the sky, as a ghostly shadow is seen heading for the flagship. The ship rolls to the side as it turns as hard as it can. The torpedo misses, but a second blast pierces the sky, disabling the ships rudder and propellers. Tracking the submarine with its sonar, a opener escort moves at full steam to counter the threat. Once over the spot where the submarine lurks, depth charges are shot over the railing, and they sink piano in the water to bring the fight back to the concealed enemy. As each detonates, the water bulges over top of where they were dropped. Knowing when it has met its match, the German U-boat retreats and the mesh is over until another day. The histories of many weapons of World War II are well known, such as that of the tank and the airplane. However the torpedo is one that is very much scolded about, yet its history remains in the shadow of these other well known weapons. In an effort to learn more about this topic, I interviewed my grandfather. During the war, he worked in a group developing the transonic controlled torpedo. For many years, he was not able to tell anyone what he did, including his parents. It was not until several years ago when he saw a documentary on the television which had a segment that described the development of the torpedo did he feel that h e could talk about what he really did during the war. I first began by asking him what he did during the war. He told me that he led a group who was developing sonic controlled torpedoes, which were designed to follow sound made by a ship or a submarines propeller.

Awarding Six Medals to the Three Released POW S :: Free Essay Writer

Awarding Six Medals to the Three Released POWS The military has lost its mind by awarding six medals to the three released P.O.W.s. I do not mean to rag on the three troops -- although one did write a give thanks You note to his prison guards for his swell Motel 6 treatment, but more to the point is the damage such giveaway policies do to our military awards programs. Remember what Napoleon utter about awards Give me enough ribbon and I will conquer the world. So that all of you have a complete list of the awards the three heroes got, I will list them for you Purple titty Army Commendation Medal P.O.W. Medal Armed Forces Medal United Nations Medal NATO Medal The Purple Heart is awarded for wounds suffered while in armed combat with an opposing force, for wounds received while in combat operations in a combat zone or for wounds received from terrorist acts while in the military. It is also awarded to the next of kin whe n someone is KIA or dies as the result of wounds received. How can the Pentagon give out Purple paddy wagon for injuries received that are no worse than those received in a H.S. football game? Yes, they were soldiers yes, they were on a mission and yes, they were treated roughly -- bemused noses, cracked ribs, chipped teeth, cuts and abrasions. Is the Army telling me that the same award for being killed, maimed or shot-up in a firefight is the same award for taking a fist to the chops -- treated roughly? I propose a new award -- the Black & Blue Device. It would resemble the old W.W.II ruptured duck or just be a plain Red Cross on a white background the International Sign for First Aid. And by the way, it was the President himself who referred to them as detainees and state that they werent in a war zone. Now theyre hailed as conquering heroes and given combat awards for sterling performance in a war zone.