Wednesday, June 5, 2019

Motivating Business Students to the Entrepreneurial Sector

actuate Business Students to the Entrepreneurial SectorAn Empirical Study on Factors Motivating Business Students to Move to the Entrepreneurial SectorAbstract. This exploratory study is attempts to examine how employable individuals turn their focus to start-ups. Today, studyity of employees still practise a much or little(prenominal) self-protective strategy. In this paper we would report on the results of an empirical study of factors motivating classd potential employees to move to self enterprising. The deciding factors to bend an entrepreneur and of sustainable employment-oriented factors to be analyzed in order to discover how they differ. Participants consisted of 200 students from Malaysia entered final year of business undergraduate and postgraduate programs. Self-administered questionnaires were used to gather info on factors and types of relationships influencing vocation choice and entrepreneurial intention. The results of the analysis go forth serve as a basis for the maturatement of employment practices designed to support start-ups in adopting sustainable business practices.1. IntroductionToday, employees still act in accordance with employers legal obligations and try not to attract special attention from local indie business owners. This papers of import aim is to take a fresh look into graduates expectation on the factors motivating employees when needing switching jobs if employed and to identify the train of affair as they commence and develop entrepreneurial ventures. The study principally examined why employees decide to become entrepreneurs, therefore, s tied(p) main issues associated with graduates enterprises as they completed, operated and grew their businesses, these being elect following a process of brainstorming with a pilot group of graduate entrepreneurs.2. Review of Literature2.1. OverviewA tot up of researchers have attempted to consider factors such as gender, grade point average, duration and field of study and entrepreneurial family background as important factors affecting students perception and attitudes towards the prospect of naked as a jaybird own business formation, and some of these factors clearly enhance or inhabit such tendency (Oakey, Mukhtar and Kipling, 2002). However, Cooper, Woo, and Dunkelberg (1989) suggested that the dissimilar objectives identified by other researchers green goddess be reduced to three factors challenge, wealth and autonomy. Using cluster analysis Woo, Cooper, and Dunkelberg (1991) identified two types of entrepreneurs depending upon their purposes at the time of commencing the business firstly self-regulating who placed mettlesome priority on not having to work for others, and secondly, company-men. who builds the organization.2.2. MotivationGeneration of start up ideas have been explored by a number of researchers. Opportunity recognition is babelike on whether the entrepreneur was extrinsically stimulated. A leading entrepreneurship text h as recognised the important implications for entrepreneurs who need to be creative in their thinking and of the concept that creativity can be learned or enhanced (Timmons Spinelli, 2008). The three types of opportunities identification to the field of entrepreneurship as established by Sarasvathy, Dew, Velamuri, and Venkataraman (2003) argon recognized, discovered and created. There are various motives to start a new venture. According to Amit, McCrimmon, Zietsma and Oesch (2001), money is important but not necessarily most important. They argue that some of the key non-monetary motives for starting up a business take on the wish to be independent and the combination of work and household responsibilities. These start-up motives may have important consequences for the degree of (over)optimism that characterizes (promising) entrepreneurs. For example, if an entrepreneur is generally driven by wealth creation, it may be expected that (s)he is more likely to be disappointed if the turnover in the first year is comparatively low. If the entrepreneur is driven by the wish to be independent, (s)he may be unpleasantly surprised by the strong reliance upon a limited number of clients or the bank. If the primary start-up motive is exploiting a perceived opportunity, the entrepreneur may be faced with other people who came up with the same idea or possibly an overestimated market demand for the (new) product.Gilad and Levine (1986), agreed in their analysis on intrinsic and extrinsic that there are discrimination between start-up motives. Intrinsic motives include the desire for independence and combining work with care for family members. Entrepreneurs who are driven by such motives will probably be little inclined to entrap unrealistically high pecuniary goals. Extrinsic motives include two categories pull and push factors. An opportunity of perceived profit is an important pull factor of entrepreneurship, firearm (the threat of) unemployment is a well-known pu sh factor. Regarding the exploitation of opportunities, Hayward, Shepherd and Griffin(2006) argue that overoptimistic founders will commit too many resources to the opportunities that are the bases of their ventures. If entrepreneurs are blinded by their own ideas and fail to adequately assess the competition and the (potential) problems to transform the opportunity into a profitable venture, over optimism is around the corner.The creation of a new organization, however, is contingent on(p) upon the belief that self-employment promises more expected utility than either employment within an existing organization or unemployment (Douglas Shepherd, 2000 Van Praag Cramer, 2001).3. MethodologyGartner (1989) proposed that a common point of accumulation of studies into the pretendors of entrepreneurial intentions is the failure of investigators to choose samples that are (1) comprised solely of people who are serious about entrepreneurship and (2) who are in the process of making the decision to become involved in creating a new business.Krueger, Reilly and Carsrud (2000) find that studies comprising samples of upper-division college students can uncover job-related pick outences at a time when respondents are struggling with important career decisions. Therefore, it is agreeable and appropriate to investigate entrepreneurial intent utilizing a sample of upper-class college students. (Brice and Nelson, 2008), it is important to note that the population of interest in their study consists of individuals who perceive that they will become entrepreneurs and not necessarily only those who will actually become entrepreneurs. This difference is significant because while actions has been demonstrated to be predicted by intentions. Therefore, the focus of this research remains at the entrepreneurial intentions level of analysis.The sample chosen consists of postgraduate and undergraduate business degree program students who were nearing graduation. When students conte mplate graduation, they may also develop immediate career plans and long-range goals. The respondents are those from the business disciplines because, based on their discipline interest, they have already decided to pursue business-related careers. For that reason, a homogeneous consume of university college students was included in this study.In this study, we follow the method tested by Brice and Nelson. This study sample consisted of 200 students from University Colleges in Malaysia who participated utilizing a structured questionnaire data order of battle methodology. Subjects consisted of final (3rd) year business undergraduates and final year Master of Business Administration (MBA) students in the concentrations of management.They were appropriate primarily because their academic concentration implied that they had serious interest in pursuing a business career. The main themes covered by the survey questions include firm and owner characteristics interest to start-up motiva tion to switch jobs career preferred timing and industry medium for seeking employment desire and likelihood of rewards and opportunity criteria of choosing employers. The two researchers contacted students directly via targeted groups of respondents list originating from the Faculty of their academic major program.Five questions adapted from Chen, Greene, and Crick (1998) was used to assess start up intentions. Responses were gathered on a 5-point Likert scale and total scale score was obtained by averaging the five questions. Brice and Nelson have reported a Cronbachs alpha of 0.92 for this scale, which implies strong reliability. Information pertaining to each respondents age, gender, and class was obtained to use as view variables in the analysis. Each of these control variables was recorded as non-continuous, categorical predictors.4. Analysis and ResultsOnce all the related information from the respondents was entirely obtained, the students motives leading to start-up were a nalyzed. From the mean of all motivation constructs, it could be argued that the main motive for start-up is the need for achievement (average judge = 14.3), followed by economic reasons (mean value = 12.89) and the need for independence (average value = 12.89). In order to establish instrument reliability, Cronbachs coefficient alpha was computed. The reliability coefficient was 0.71 which indicates that the instrument was reliable in its measurement of determinants for start ups. Data reduction technique is used to unfold the information embedded in our data. possibility 1 Intention for independent business start-ups is higher than tie ining established firmsAfter elimination of subjects with survey questionnaires were only partially completed, the final sample totalled 196 students. As shown in Table 2, this sample was equally represented between the genders, consisting of 107 (54.6%) males and 89 (45.4%) females. Subjects were primarily graduating undergraduate business studen ts (65.8%) and graduating postgraduate students (34.2%). In fact, there were 129 bachelor degree students who aged below 25 years than MBA students who aged 26 and above. The majority of subjects were expecting salary between RM5001- RM15000 (56.2%) which is not in accordance or earnable with employment even in established firms.Since the mean, median and mode values are very close to each other, it shows the data is symmetrical. The mean for the 196 students is 2.08 with a standard deviation of 1.088. The emasculated mean value of 2.01 is similar to the mean above. Hence, shows there are no outliers in the data set. In this survey, since the sample size is 196, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used. The p-value of the test is less than 0.001. Hence, the data is not distributed normal.Of the 196 students, 77 (39.3%) very enthusiastic towards start-ups, 52 (26.5%) eager to start-up, 46 (23.5%) open to any opportunity, and 16 (8.2%) to consider start-up option. Out of total, 5 (2.6%) p refer employment.Since the correlation value is within 0.5 to 0.8, start-up intention among degree students is said to correlate adequately with at least(prenominal) one other variables in the construct. In this survey, the KMO value is 0.819, which is considered good.Bartletts test of sphericity is used to analyse whether the correlation matrix is an identity matrix. Identity matrix can be ruled out if the p-value of the test is less than 0.05 (Karuthan and Krishna, 2009). In this model, since the p-value is less than 0.001, the researcher proceeds with factor analysis.Since the researcher wanted to study the underlying construct among the half dozen variables Curiosity, Interest, Consideration, Preparation, Setting Up and Start-up Timing. This is a sensation underlying concept therefore, it is called the Start-up Intent Structure. Since the Start-up Intent Structure varies from person to person, it is a variable too. However, it cannot be measured by physical marrow. Hence, it is called a possible variable or just factor. The model for Start-up Intent Structure is given in Figure 4.In Figure 4, one can visualize six simultaneous regression functions Curiosity, Interest, Consideration, Preparation, Setting Up and Start-up Timing as the dependents and Start-up Intent Structure as the independent.In the table above, since there are 6 variables in this analysis, 6 components (or factors) are listed in the first column. The respective eigen values and percent of version explained are provided in the next two columns. For Factor 1, the eigen value is 3.109 and the variance is 51.811% of the total variance. For factor 3, 4,5 and 6 the eigen value is less than the default value of 1. In the same table, under Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings, only two factors are listed, corresponding to the factors for which the eigen values is more than 1. Based on the cumulative % column, these factors explain 68.792% of the total variance in the 6 original variables. Acc ording to Karuthan and Krishna, (2009) established that, in social sciences, at least 50% of the total variance in the variables in analysis must be explained by the factor of factors. In this survey, a single factor extracted explains more than 50% of the total variance in the original variables.Hypothesis 2 Motivations to switch job if employed in established firms associated with independent business start-upsWe use multivariate data analysis to recognize the association between different motivation variables. The analysis has shown the variables in a diffuse plot and quantifying the strength of association using correlation analysis. An association is established, both empirically and theoretically, therefore we pursued to obtain a regression model. This model, used to predict the value on entrepreneurial intention (outcome), given the values on the motivations to switch job if employed variables (predictors).Table 6, the p-value for the Levenes test for equality of variance is 0.000, which is less than 0.05. Thus, equality of variances is not assumed.Table 7 depicts that the F-value is 3.933 and the degrees of freedoms are 7 and 188. The p-value of the test is 0.000, which is less than 0.05 and the eta-squared value of 0.128, which is less than 0.15,hence, at least one pair of means differ significantly. Therefore there is a need to identify the pair that differs significantly. In this case, the researcher has performed posthoc tests.Based on Kruskal Wallis Test, the p-value of this test is 0.000, which is less than 0.05. Thus, at least one reason differs in terms of motivation towards self-employment rather employment. Based on Kruskal Wallis Test (Table 5) for the mean ranks, obviously, the degreed students are looking for a more contend career in terms of expanded scope of work, more responsibilities and change in career path rank much higher compared to the students who looking to join a more established and stable organisations.On the other hand, 8 2.20% students feel that they need to escape from unfavourable office environment such as not happy with peers, bosses, office politics and etc. Based on Table 3.1, this supports students interest, whereby 97.4 cumulative percent and mean rank shown in table below of opportunity of considering the new business start-up.

No comments:

Post a Comment

Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.